Local and global citizenship

• Benefits of expressions of cultural identity

  • Sense of Belonging
  • Shared experiences- trying new cultural traditions like food, language, or music
  • Become more open minded
  • Build trust
  • Promote respect
• Challenges of expressions of cultural identity

  • Stereotyping
  • Prejudice
  • Sectarianism
  • Racism
  • Discrimination
• Influences on a young person's sense of cultural identity


  • Family and Friends
  • Social Media
  • Location- where you live and the opportunities
  • Ethnicity
• Causes of prejudice and discrimination in society

  • Natural instinct- People feel safe with others who are from a similar background. Therefore, anyone outside that group can appear threatening
  • Learnt from an early age- May have learnt from their parents or community they grew up in, friends can also influence this
  • Result of strongly felt views- Opinions about politics or religion may lead to intolerance of others who do not share the same view
• Consequences of prejudice and discrimination in society

  • Make people feel marginalised, isolated, and alone with no one to support them
  • Frightened in their own community
  • Undervalued in society
  • Stressed and anxious
  • Have a negative impact on their employment, accommodation and more
• Benefits of immigration for communities, society, and the economy

  • Understanding other cultures- living besides, working with, or going to the same school as someone from a different background can bring an understanding of different cultures
  • Economic Benefit- Many who immigrate strive to make a better life for themselves and their families and are determined to work hard to achieve this through their skill set or setting up their own businesses which creates more jobs
• Challenges of immigration for communities, society, and the economy

  • Way of life and culture- These might seem confusing or strange
  • Food- Ingredients for your favourite meal may not be available
  • Climate- This can be difficult to get used to and will also affect what you wear
• Reasons for immigration


  • Economic- Many immigrate due to financial reasons; this might be through a new job opportunity
  • Social- Many people move country to ensure a better life for their family, they have a better chance at education for their children, improved healthcare, and a higher standard of living
  • Safety- Some may have been forced to leave their country for the fear of their life causes may include war or sharing their political views
• Ways governments can support migrants

  • Give access to emergency health care if needed
  • Provide emergency cash payments
  • Give access to suitable accommodation
• Ways to promote inclusion in schools

  • Language- Helping new arrivals with English should be a priority so they do not feel isolated because of language barriers, the school may also hire a translator if they are multiple students with the same first language
  • Curriculum- could cover human rights and issues related to diversity and inclusion
  • Anti-bullying policy- school should have an effective policy to address issues like racism, sectarianism, and homophobia
• Ways to promote inclusion in the workplace


  • Employees are made aware of their rights and are aware of the equality issues in the workplace
  • Discrimination is illegal in the workplace and every employee must have an equal opportunity for employment, promotion, holidays etc.
  • Check the legislation and rights as employees and ensure their being treated fairly and treat others in the same way
• Ways to promote inclusion in the community

  • Government laws and policies- Their responsibility to put laws in place to make discrimination illegal and if someone is being treated unfairly the law should protect them
  • Raising Awareness- The equality commission is concerned with inclusion in the whole of society, they organise campaigns to raise awareness and inform people of the law
• Local conflict


  Refers to the conflict that occurs in the local community and usually involves a small geographical area. Residents may disagree with a decision that will affect their way of life, like plans to construct a new road.
• National conflict


  Refers to the conflict that can affect the whole country, National conflicts can arise when government policies lead to people facing unemployment or a low standard of living, can create tension within the society
• Global conflict


  Refers to conflict between nations, or between people and organisations in different states. Global conflict can arise through an act of aggression from one country to another perhaps with the intention of gaining control over natural resources.
• Consequences of conflict


  • Can lead to violence
  • Lead to unhealthy relationships
• Ways to resolve conflict peacefully

  • Negotiations- a informal talk between 2 or more people regarding an issue and trying to find a solution
  • Mediation- uses a third party to help 2 or more people to communicate a difficult issue
  • Judicial system- If a person feels a criminal action was taken against them, they can take it to the police
  • The United Nations- Founded in 1945 after World War 2 to help maintain international peace, develop friendly relations among nations and helps with disaster relief and protecting refugees
• Participation rights


  These rights enable individuals to engage in decision-making processes, express their opinions, and actively participate in society.
• Protection rights


  Protection rights focus on safeguarding individuals from harm, exploitation, and abuse. They ensure that people are shielded from threats to their well-being.
• Survival and development rights

  These rights promote access to necessities (such as food, shelter, and healthcare) and support personal growth and development.
• The Optional Protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict requires governments to increase the minimum age that children can join the armed forces from 15 years. It ensures that members of their armed forces younger than 18 do not take a direct part in armed conflict.
• The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography provides detailed requirements for governments to end the sexual exploitation and abuse of children. It also protects children from being sold for non-sexual purposes, such as other forms of forced labour, illegal adoption and organ donation.
• The Optional Protocol on a communications procedure allows children to submit a complaint to the United Nations when their rights have been violated and their own country's legal system was not able to offer a solution.
• Social responsibility of politicians, Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) and public representatives


  • They will support any policies put forward by the government or their particular party but also important they set a good example as the public expect them to show honesty and integrity in their own lives. There is a public outcry if a politician makes unnecessary claims for expenses or put policies which benefit them financially and should be held accountable to the public in the work they do.
• Social responsibility of media companies

  • The media covers newspapers, magazines, tv, radio and internet, they have a social responsibility to inform the public with truthful, well researched and balanced material. It educates people about social equality and human rights and highlighting injustice.
• Social responsibility of young people

  • The next generation may have to deal with issues such as climate change, aging population and economic uncertainty. Various studies show that most young people are socially aware and want to act on the problems they face. Many are using social networking to spread information or starting a campaign.
• Causes of social inequality and social injustice

  • Unequal distribution of wealth- those born into wealth have more opportunities and can afford good housing, education etc. Those without are often disadvantaged
  • Poor education- Children from disadvantaged homes are more likely to find themselves in poorer facilities or leaving school to work, this means fewer qualifications which can make it more difficult to find a good job
  • Unemployment and low income- Many people were cut back from their jobs due to the changing economy as a result many face unemployment which can have a devastating effect on the family's income which may lead to them having to survive on very low incomes.
• The role of the government in promoting social equality, social justice and human rights.
• Prejudice


  Caused by fear, change, ignorance, lack of understanding and respect, community background and learned behaviours
• Discrimination


  When a person is treated differently, arises when people act on their prejudices
• Effects of prejudice and discrimination on the individual

  • Anxiety, stress
  • Depression, eating disorders, stress related illness
  • Loss of confidence
  • Drug abuse
  • Social injustice
• Effects of prejudice and discrimination on society

  • Businesses will have lower productivity
  • Democracy, not everyone will have the opportunity to do well, social inequality arises
  • Politics, people less likely to vote
  • Justice, further inequality
• Cultural identity


  What we share with members of a group, the language, beliefs, and customs that combine to make up a way of life
• Influences on cultural identity

  • Family
  • School
  • Peers
  • Religion
  • Media
  • Nationality
  • Heritage
• Benefits of cultural identity

  • Food, Language, Sport, music
  • Learning about cultures helps mutual understanding
  • Breaks down barriers
  • Share cultural experiences
• Challenges of cultural identity


  • People from same background stick together, don't mix
  • People promote negative attitudes
  • Intolerance, stereotyping, prejudice, racism and discrimination can occur when one group perceives themselves superior to another
• Reasons for immigration


  • Economic (work, higher wages)
  • Social (better standard of living, better education)
  • Political (fleeing persecution)
  • Conflict (refugee)
  • Environmental (escape natural disasters)
• Benefits of immigration


  • Cultural diversity, vibrant society, art, cuisine etc
  • Learn about other cultures
  • Generates more money in our economy
  • Increases tax contributions which pays for Education etc
  • Eases skills shortages
• Challenges of immigration


  • Threat to national security
  • Social instability and lack of cohesion
  • Illegal immigrants (may be criminals)
• Government support for migrants

  • Accommodation
  • Healthcare
  • Protection from discrimination
  • Assistance with learning new language