bio101

• According to the chronological timeline of events, one would infer that Moses, Aristotle, and Darwin were all sharp observers and naturalists who were capable of logically determining the most likely creation story
• Most Scientists agree that our solar system formed around 4.5 billion years ago, and that time has passed since then
• Creationists


  People who hold the six-day creationism theory
• Scientific method


  Enables Scientists to test theories and hypotheses and to create concepts and ideas
• Theories on the origin of life

  • Idea of Special Creation
  • Hypothesis of Spontaneous Generation
  • Cosmozoic Theory (Theory of Panspermia)
  • Theory of Chemical Evolution
• Idea of Special Creation

  God, the All-Powerful, created all the many forms of life that exist today on planet Earth
• Hypothesis of Spontaneous Generation


  Any type of non-living material could unexpectedly and spontaneously give rise to a living organism
• Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, was one of the ardent supporters of spontaneous creation (384-322 BC)
• Theory of Catastrophism


  God has created life on earth in several ways, each of which was preceded by a disaster brought on by a geological disturbance of some kind
• Cosmozoic Theory (Theory of Panspermia)


  Some organisms' highly resistant spores travelled to Earth from other heavenly bodies like meteorites
• The Cosmozoic Theory lacks evidence, hence it was discarded
• Theory of Chemical Evolution


  The chemical evolution that led to the origin of life on Earth probably took place over the course of 3.8 billion years
• A.I. Oparin, a Russian Scientist, in 1923 and J.B.S. Haldane, an English Scientist, in 1928 separately proposed the Theory of Chemical Evolution
• Theory of Physical-Chemical Hypothesis or the Materialistic Theory


  The Theory of Chemical Evolution
• Properties of Life


  • Order
  • Sensitivity or response to stimuli
  • Reproduction
  • Adaptation
  • Growth and development
  • Regulation/Homeostasis
  • Energy processing
• Order


  Cells make up organisms, which are highly organised structures
• Sensitivity or Response to Stimuli

  Organisms react to a variety of stimuli
• Reproduction


  The genetic material, or DNA, of single-celled organisms is first duplicated, and then it is divided equally when the cell gets ready to divide into two new cells
• Adaptation


  Every living thing displays a "fit" to its surroundings, which is the result of evolution by natural selection
• Growth and Development


  Genes encode specific instructions on how organisms should grow and develop
• Regulation/Homeostasis


  Living organisms are complex and need various regulatory mechanisms to regulate internal processes like nutrition, transport, stimulus response, and stress management
• Energy Processing


  All living things require a source of energy for their metabolic processes
• Mutations, or chance changes in hereditary material over time, are the cause of the diversity of life on Earth
• According to the laws of natural selection, an organism with traits adapted to its surroundings will reproduce more successfully
• Macromolecule


  A very large molecule, especially used in reference to large biological polymers (e.g. nucleic acids and proteins)
• Polymerization


  The chemical process, normally with the aid of a catalyst, to form a polymer by bonding together multiple identical units (monomers)
• Palaeontology examines the evolution of life using fossils
• Forensic science is the application of science to answer questions related to the law
• Forensic scientists can be biologists, chemists, or biochemists
• The work of forensic scientists involves looking at evidence linked to crimes and providing scientific testimony for use in court
• Scientists have a responsibility to protect people, animals, and the environment from unwarranted harm
• Scientists must make sure that their research and communications are impartial and that all relevant factors—including financial, legal, safety, and replicability—are correctly balanced
• The Tuskegee Syphilis Study of 1932 involved 399 African American men who were diagnosed with syphilis but were never told they had the infection
• Bioethicists investigate the ethical implications of gene editing technologies, such as the potential for creating species that could supplant others in the ecosystem and the potential for "designing" human beings
• Henrietta Lacks, an African American woman in her 30s, received a cervical cancer diagnosis at Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1951
• Doctors even withheld proven medicines from Black males in the study of untreated syphilis
• The choices made in the Tuskegee research cannot be justified
• Bioethicists may investigate the ethical implications of gene editing technologies, such as the potential for creating species that could supplant others in the ecosystem and the potential for "designing" human beings
• Ethicists will probably attempt to strike a balance between the positive and negative effects of their work, such as bettering medicines or preventing specific diseases
• Bioethics is seldom straightforward, so scientists frequently must weigh benefits and risks