Bio test 4

• Blastula


  the early embryonic stage
• Gastrula


  when the blastula folds inward
• Endoderm


  the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems
• Ectoderm


  outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin
• Mesoderm


  middle germ layer; develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems
• Larva


  an immature form of an animal that looks very different from the adult
• Metamorphosis


  To become an adult that can reproduce sexually
• Eumetazoa


  true tissues
• Bilateria


  animals with bilateral symmetry
• Lophotrochozoa


  a clade of invertebrate organisms that is a sister group to the Ecdysozoa
• Ediacaran fossils


  1. 560 mya

  A. first layers of the gobal flood
• Cambrian explosion


  1. 535 to 525 mya
• Phylum Porifera


  1. simple animals

  A. no true tissue

  B. no body symmetry

  2. Marine habitat

  3. Flagellated choanocytes

  A. Lack of cell wall

  B. Ingest food

  4. adults are sessile
• Phylum Cnidaria


  1. Radial symmetry

  A. No head

  2. two true tissue layers

  3. Gastrovascular cavity

  A. Upside-down glass body

  B. Restricts what goes into the mouth

  4. Two body forms

  A. Polyp (hydra)

  B. Medusa (jellyfish)
• Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)


  1. Bilateral symmetry

  2. No body cavity

  3. Habitats

  A. Marine

  B. Freshwater

  C. Damp terrestrial

  D. Inside living organisms
• Planarians


  1. Gastrovascular system

  2. "Simple" nervous system

  3. Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Flukes & tapeworms


  1. Parasitic flatworms

  2. Complex life cycles

  A. Has a sist stage

  B. Can get through undercooked food

  3. Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)


  1. Bilateral symmetry

  2. Three tissue layers

  3. Cuticle

  A. Nonliving protective layer

  B. Sheds periodically

  4. Complete digestive tract

  A. Mouth & anus

  5. Ecology

  A. Free-living

  B. Plant or animal parasites
• Phylum Mollusca


  1. Muscular foot for locomotion

  A. Often on the bottom

  2. Visceral mass

  A. Contains internal organs

  B. On top of the foot

  3. Mantle

  A. Secretes a shell

  B. Encloses visceral mass

  4. Circulatory system

  A. Most are open

  B. O2 carried on dif pigment (copper)

  5. Rasping radula
• Phylum Annelida


  1. Larve called trochophores

  2. Segmentation

  3. Nervous system

  A. repeated parts

  4. Closed circulatory system

  5. Two major clades
• Errantains


  1. Mobile marine worms

  2. Predatory

  3. Has jaws

  4. in Phylum Annelida
• Sedentarians


  1. Less mobile

  A. Earthworm

  B. Leeches

  C. Tube worms

  2. Phylum Annelida
• Phylum Arthropoda


  1. 1 million species
• Morphology


  1. Segmented bodys

  2. Hard exoskeletons

  3. Jointed appendages

  A. Namesake
• Ecdysis


  1. Growing and molting
• Insects


  1. 30 million species

  A. 75% of all animal species

  2. Life cycle

  A. Complete metamorphosis (80%)
• Body segments of an insect

  1. Head

  2. Thorax

  3. Abdomen

  4. 3 sets of legs

  5. Wings

  A. Elytra (hardcover)

  B. Normally two sets of wings

  6. Halteres

  A. Enables them to move
• complete metamorphosis


  1. Egg

  2. Larva

  3. Pupa

  4. Adult
• incomplete metamorphosis


  1. Egg

  2. Nymph

  A. Smaller looking adult

  3. Adult
• Traits of insects


  1. Body segmentation

  2. Exoskeleton

  3. Jointed appendages

  4. Flight

  5. Waterproof cuticle

  A. Prevents water loss

  6. Complex life cycles

  A. Short generations

  B. Large number of offspring
• Adaptations of insects


  1. Specialized appendages

  2. Protective color patterns

  3. Homeotic genes

  A. Timing and location
• Arthropod genetics


  1. segmented body evolution

  A. Increasing homeotic genes

  B. Regulating gene expression

  a. Lead to Diversity

  b. Results were supported cos
• Phylum Echinodermata


  1. Diversity

  A. Sea star, Sand dollar, Sea urchin

  2. Slow-moving or sessile

  3. Marine ecology

  4. Radial symmetry in adults

  5. Deuterostomes

  A. Echinoderms & chordates

  B. Blastopore becomes anus
• Anatomy of Echinodermata


  1. Endoskeleton

  2. Water vascular system

  3. Limb regeneration
• Phylum Chordata


  1. Nerve chord

  A. Dorsal, Hollow

  2. Notochord

  A. Flexible, supportive, Longitudinal rod (their backbone)

  3. Pharyngeal slits

  4. Muscular post-anal tail (not all)
• Tunicates & lancelets


  1. No backbone

  2. Pharyngeal slits for suspension feeding

  3. Tunicates

  A. Stationary & attachment

  4. Lancelets

  A. Small & bladelike

  B. Marine sand habitat
• Invertebrate ecology


  1. Freshwater mussels

  2. Reef-dwelling cone snails

  3. Flowering plants and animal pollinators

  A. Mostly insects
• Micrbiome


  all of the microorganisms that live in a particular environment, such as a human body
• Microbiota


  the term for the microbes that are normally present in and on the human body; usually beneficial
• Pathogen


  A disease causing agent