Cheeeem

• Organic Chemistry


  The study of compounds that contains the element CARBON
• Organic compounds obtained directly from natural resources


  • cotton
  • wool
  • silk
• Organic compounds synthetically produced


  • nylon
  • polyester
• Methane (CH4)


  • Main component of natural gas
• Ethanol (C2H6O)


  • Alcohol present in alcoholic beverages
• Capsaicin (C18H27NO3)


  • Spiciness of pepper; used for topical pain-relief medicines
• Caffeine (C8H10N4O2)


  • Found in coffee, tea, cola beverages, and chocolate
• Organic compounds contain CARBON ATOMS and MOST CONTAIN HYDROGEN ATOMS
• Carbon


  FOUR (4) COVALENT BONDS
• Hydrogen


  ONE (1) COVALENT BOND
• Carbon forms SINGLE, DOUBLE, & TRIPLE BONDS to other carbon atoms
• Some organic compounds have CHAINS OF ATOM and some compounds HAVE RINGS
• Heteroatom


  Any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen
• Heteroatoms


  Have NONBONDING, LONE PAIRS of e-, so that each atom is surrounded by an OCTET (8) of e-
• The most common multiple bond between CARBON and HETEROATOM is a CARBON-OXYGEN DOUBLE BOND
• Organic molecules


  • Linear
  • Trigonal planar
  • Tetrahedral
• Condensed Structure


  All of the atoms are drawn in, but the two electron bond lines and lone pairs on heteroatoms are generally omitted
• Condensed Structure


  • Carbon bonded to 3H's -> CH3
  • Carbon bonded to 2H's-> CH2
  • Carbon bonded to 1H -> CH
• Lewis Structure


  Shows all atoms and all bonds, including lone pairs on heteroatoms
• Skeletal Structure


  The series of atoms bonded together that form the essential structure of the compound
• When drawing a Skeletal structure, assume there is a carbon atom at the junction of any two lines or at the end of any line, and assume there is enough hydrogen around each carbon to give it four bonds</b>
• Functional Group


  Atom or group of atoms with characteristic of chemical and physical properties
• Functional Groups contain HETEROATOM, A MULTIPLE BOND, OR BOTH
• Hydrocarbon


  Contains only CARBON and HYDROGEN
• Alkane

  Has only C-C SINGLE BONDS and NO FUNCTIONAL GROUP
• Alkene


  Has only C-C DOUBLE BONDS as their FUNCTIONAL GROUP
• Alkyne

  Has only C-C TRIPLE BONDS as their FUNCTIONAL GROUP
• Aromatic Hydrocarbon


  Contains BENZENE RING, a SIX-MEMBERED RING with THREE (3) DOUBLE BONDS
• Carbonyl Group


  CARBON-OXYGEN DOUBLE BOND
• Aldehyde


  Contains a HYDROGEN ATOM directly bonded to the CARBONYL CARBON
• Carboxylic Acid


  Contains an OH GROUP directly bonded to the CARBONYL CARBON
• Ester


  Contains OR GROUP directly bonded to the CARBONYL CARBON
• Organic Compounds


  • Composed of COVALENT BONDS ONLY
  • Have LOWER BOILING POINTS and MELTING POINTS
  • Tend to be LIQUID OR GAS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE, while IONIC COMPOUNDS ARE SOLID
• Nonpolar Covalent Bond


  When two atoms of identical or similar electronegativity are bonded
• Polar Covalent Bond


  Bonds between C & N, O AND HALOGENS
• Solubility


  • "LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE"
  • Most organic compounds are SOLUBLE
  • HYDROCARBONS & OTHER NONPOLAR: INSOLUBLE IN WATER
• Solubility


  • HEXANE: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 ; H2O SOLUBLE
  • ETHANOL: O ATOM PRESENT; H2O SOLUBLE
  • CHOLESTEROL: H20 INSOLUBLE
• Alkene


  Compounds that contains a CARBON-CARBON DOUBLE BOND
• Alkyne


  Compounds that contains a CARBON-CARBON TRIPLE BOND
• Alkenes and Alkynes are composed of NONPOLAR BONDS, have LOW MELTING & BOILING POINTS, and are INSOLUBLE IN H2O