TFN M1

• Florence Nightingale Pledge: 'I solemnly pledge myself before God and in the presence of this assembly to pass my life in purity and to practise my profession faithfully.'
• Florence Nightingale


  Byname "Lady with the Lamp". Born May 12, 1820, in Florence, Italy and died August 13, 1910, in London, England. She was the second of two daughters born to William Edward and Frances Nightingale. Nightingale was put in charge of nursing British and allied soldiers in Turkey during the Crimean War. Her efforts to formalize nursing education led her to establish the first scientifically based nursing school—the Nightingale School of Nursing, at St. Thomas' Hospital in London (opened 1860). She was the first woman awarded the Order of Merit (1907). International Nurses Day, observed annually on May 12, commemorates her birth and celebrates the important role of nurses in health care.
• Nursing as a Science

  Apprenticeship Model: Nursing practice was based on principles and traditions that were handed down through practice seen by Florence during her time. Other references note that this is a practice era dated before the curriculum era where to be a nurse can have a diploma for only 2 years under vocational.
• Historical Eras

  • Curriculum Era: 1900 to 1940s
  • Research Era: 1950 to 1970s
  • Graduate Education Era: 1950 to 1970s
  • Theory Era: 1980 to 1990s
  • Theory Utilization Era: 21st Century
• Emphasis


  • Courses included in nursing programs
  • Role of nurses and what to research
  • Carving out an advanced role and basis for nursing practice
  • There are many ways to think about nursing
  • Nursing theory guides research, practice, education, and administration
• Metaparadigm for Nursing


  Person, Environment, Health, Nursing Concept

  
• Discipline


  Specific to academia and refers to a branch of education, a department of learning or a domain of knowledge.
• Profession


  Refers to a specialized field of practice founded on the theoretical structure of the science or knowledge of the discipline and accompanying practice abilities.
• Epistemology


  Meaning knowledge, understanding. What is real is also considered knowledge. Concerned with the theory of knowledge in philosophical inquiry or how knowledge came to be. It questions what knowledge is & how it can be acquired. It is the study of knowledge & justifies beliefs. Branch of philosophy concerned with the nature & scope of knowledge.
• Rationalism


  Philosophical view that utilizes the rational senses in ensuring the truthfulness of a phenomenon. Understands the whole first before you can appreciate the lesser parts. Regards reason as the chief source & test of knowledge. Any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification (theory-the-research approach). Criterion of truth is not sensory but intellectual & deductive (general to specific).
• Empiricism


  Philosophical view that focuses on the five senses. An object is real in so far as seen, felt, smelled, tasted, heard. A theory which states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience. Fundamental part of scientific method (experimentations). Knowledge is based on experience; ex. physical assessment. Gather information more and observe facts before finally saying a theory exists. Reynolds, "research-then-theory strategy". It is inductive. (specific to general). Example: Collect data is to diagnose.
• Positivism emerged as the dominant view of modern science in the early 20th century. Modern logical positivists believed that empirical research and logical analysis were two approaches that would produce scientific knowledge.
• Phenomenological Approach


  Reduces observations or text to the meanings of phenomena independent of their particular context. This approach focuses on the lived meaning of experiences.
• Empiricists view phenomena objectively, collect data and analyze it to inductively propose theory.
• Science as a Social Enterprise

  "Human beings do science" - Gale. It might be anticipated that social, economic, or political factors may influence scientific enterprise. It depends on the funds, popularity of certain ideologies.
• Theory


  An idea that is suggested or presented as possibly true but that is not known or proven to be true. Scientifically, theory implies that something has been proven and is generally accepted as being true. An idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain facts or events.
• Theory


  An internally consistent group of relational statements (concepts, definitions & propositions) that present a systematic view about a phenomenon & which is useful for description, explanation, prediction & control (Bodie & Chitty).
• Theory


  A set of statements that tentatively describe, explain, or predict relationships among concepts that have been systematically selected & organized as an abstract representation of some phenomenon (Powers & Knapp).
• Theory


  A creative & rigorous structuring of ideas that project a tentative, purposeful & systematic view of phenomenon. Validation of existing knowledge as well as discovery of new knowledge. We apply theory to describe, explain, predict, or prescribe nursing practice.
• Concepts


  Words or phrases that are used to represent the phenomenon observed or experienced. The building blocks of theories, "ideas". Describe & classify phenomena.
• Categories of Concepts


  • Abstract
  • Concrete
  • Discrete
  • Continuous
• Theoretical Definitions


  Establish meaning (dictionary)
• Operational Definitions


  How these concepts are used or will be used within the context of the phenomenon. Provide measurement.
• 10 Phases of Concept Building Process

  • Write a meaningful practice story
  • Name the central phenomenon in the practice story
  • Identify a theoretical lens for viewing the phenomenon
  • Link the phenomenon to existing literature
  • Gather a story from someone who has lived the phenomenon
  • Reconstruct the shared story and create mini-saga that captures its message
  • Identify the core qualities of the phenomenon
  • Use the core qualities to create a definition
  • Create a model of the phenomenon
  • Write a mini synthesis that integrates the phenomenon with a population to suggest research direction
• Relational Statements


  Statements in a theory may state definitions or relations among concepts
• Theoretical Statements


  Relate concepts to one another; permit analysis
• Linkages and Ordering


  Linkages of theoretical statements - provide rationale of why theoretical statements are linked; add plausibility. Linkages of operational statements - provides rationale for how measurement variables are linked; permit testability. Organization of concepts and definitions into primitive and derived terms - eliminates overlap (tautology). Organization of statements and linkages into premises and derived hypotheses and equations - eliminates inconsistency.
• Scientific Law


  A statement of fact that aims to explain, in brief and simple terms, an action or set of actions. Generally accepted to be true and universal and can occasionally be expressed in terms of a single mathematical equation. Simple, true, universal & absolute. Governs a single action, foundations for all science.
• Theory


  More complex & dynamic; maybe replaced. Explains an entire group. Can be changed or improved without changing the overall truth. Developed from the scientific method. Accepted as true & proved.
• Hypothesis


  An educated guess based upon observation. Can be supported or proven false by experimentation or continued observation. An idea or theory that is not proven but leads to further study or discussion. An assumption made for the sake of argument. Has not been proved.
• Empiricism: Inductive, Research to theory approach, Use senses
• Rationalism: Deductive, General to specific, data to Theory