Genetics

• Genetic variation refers to differences between individuals or populations in their inherited characteristics, such as height, eye color, or susceptibility to disease.
• Mutations can be classified as silent (no change in the amino acid sequence), missense (change in a single amino acid), or nonsense (introduction of a premature stop codon).
• The DNA double helix is held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs.
• The genome is the complete set of genetic material found within an organism.
• Human chromosomes are organized into pairs, with one copy from each parent.
• Most mutations are deleterious, meaning they have negative effects on fitness, while some may be neutral or beneficial.
• Genome


  The complete set of genetic material found within an organism, including all of the genes and regulatory sequences.
• Genotype


  The specific alleles (versions of a gene) that an organism possesses at one or more specific genetic loci, determining the organism's genetic makeup with respect to a particular trait or set of traits.