substance related/addictive disorders

• Substance Use Disorder


  A pattern of substance use which could lead to clinically significant impairment or distress and dependence on the need for increased amounts to achieve the desired effect
• Substances related to Substance Use Disorder

  • Alcohol
  • Caffeine
  • Cannabis
  • Hallucinogens
  • Inhalants
  • Opioids
  • Sedatives
  • Hypnotics
  • Anxiolytics
  • Stimulants
  • Tobacco
  • Others
• Substance Use Disorder


  • Recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous
  • Presence of drug-seeking behaviors
  • Withdrawal symptoms could be present depending on substance
  • Persistent desire to cut down or decrease substance use
• Substance use


  The ingestion of psychoactive substances in moderate amounts that does not significantly interfere with social, educational, or occupational functioning
• Substance intoxication

  Physiological reaction to ingested substances
• Substance dependence


  Presence of tolerance and/or withdrawal symptoms
• Tolerance


  Use of increasing amounts of the drug to experience the same effect
• Withdrawal

  A negative physical response when the substance is no longer ingested
• Depressants/Downers


  These drugs decrease central nervous system activity. Their principal effect is to reduce our levels of physiological arousal and help us relax
• Depressants/Downers


  • Alcohol
  • Barbiturates
  • Benzodiazepines
  • Anxiolytics
• Alcohol


  The most commonly used depressant. Although alcohol seems to loosen our tongues and makes us more sociable, it makes it difficult for neurons to communicate with one another
• Barbiturates


  Used to help people sleep and replaced such drugs as alcohol and opium. They were widely prescribed by physicians during the 1930s and 1940s, before their addictive properties were fully understood
• Benzodiazepines


  Primarily used to alleviate anxiety symptoms and treating insomnia. Side effects include cognitive and motor impairment. Benzodiazepines are considered much safer than barbiturates, with less risk of abuse and dependence
• Anxiolytics


  For anxiety
• Stimulants/Uppers


  Their principal effect is to make people more alert and energetic
• Stimulants/Uppers

  • Caffeine
  • Nicotine
  • Amphetamines
  • Cocaine
• Amphetamines


  Can induce feelings of elation and vigor and can reduce fatigue. Often abused by college students to study
• Cocaine/Crack


  Replaced amphetamines as the stimulant of choice in the 1970s. Derived from the leaves of the coca plant, a flowering bush indigenous to South America. It is used to relieve people of hunger and fatigue. *Coca-Cola removed it in 1903
• Nicotine in Tobacco


  In small doses stimulates the central nervous system; it can relieve stress and improve mood. Once smokers are dependent on nicotine, going without it cause withdrawal symptoms
• The DSM-5 does not describe an intoxication pattern for tobacco-related disorders. Rather, it lists withdrawal symptoms, which include depressed mood, insomnia, irritability, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, restlessness, and increased appetite and weight gain
• Caffeine


  The most common of the psychoactive substances. It is called the "gentle stimulant" because it is thought to be the least harmful of all addictive drugs, caffeine can still lead to problems similar to that of other drugs
• Caffeine is found in tea, coffee, many soda drinks, and cocoa products. High levels of caffeine are added to the "energy drinks"
• Caffeine use disorder


  Problematic caffeine use that causes significant impairment and distress
• Opioids


  Opiate refers to the natural chemicals in the opium poppy that have a narcotic effect which relieve pain and induce sleep/euphoria
• Opioids


  • Natural Opiates: Morphine and Codeine
  • Heroin – the most commonly abused opiate
  • Synthetic Opioids: oxycodone, hydrocodone, fentanyl, and methadone
• Methadone


  Used as treatment for opioid addiction as an agonist
• Cannabis

  The most routinely used illegal substance. Marijuana is the name given to the dried parts of the cannabis or hemp plant which can often cause altered perceptions of the world
• Marijuana smoke may contain as many carcinogens as tobacco smoke
• Controversy surrounds the use of cannabis for medicinal purpose
• Inhalants

  Include a variety of substances found in volatile solvents—making them available to breathe into the lungs directly
• Inhalant intoxication

  Resembles that of alcohol intoxication and usually includes dizziness, slurred speech, lack of coordination, euphoria, and lethargy. Its frequent use can increase aggressive and antisocial behavior
• Gambling Disorder


  Persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behavior leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as indicated by the individual exhibiting four (or more) of the provided symptoms in a 12-month period
• Gambling Disorder

  A pattern of "chasing one's losses" may develop, with an urgent need to keep gambling (often with the placing of larger bets or the taking of greater risks) to undo a loss or series of losses. Individuals may lie to family members therapists, or others to conceal the extent of involvement with gambling