PIO1

• Jose Rizal left the Philippines secretly aboard the S.S. Salvadora


  May 3, 1882
• Only his brother Paciano, two sisters, and a few close friends were aware of his departure
• Rizal's parents, especially his father, were heartbroken when they learned of his departure
• Paciano did everything possible to facilitate Rizal's departure discreetly, fearing detection by Spanish authorities and friars
• Rizal's primary goal

  To complete his education in Europe
• Rizal also had a secret mission to observe and learn from European societies
• Rizal's journey

  1. Singapore

  2. Sri Lanka

  3. Italy

  4. France
• Rizal arrived in Barcelona


  June 16, 1882
• Throughout his travels, Rizal kept his true mission hidden, even from acquaintances and strangers who speculated about his departure
• Summer vacation allowed Rizal to socialize with acquaintances and former classmates from Ateneo
• Rizal arrived in Madrid at the urging of his brother Paciano


  1882
• Rizal started writing for Diariong Tagalog under the pseudonym Laong Laan
• Rizal published "El Amor Patrio" (Love of Country)


  August 1882
• Rizal enrolled at the Universidad Central de Madrid, studying medicine, philosophy, and letters
• Rizal joined Circulo Hispano-Filipino, a Filipino student organization advocating for political issues
• Rizal faced financial difficulties due to the declining status of his family's finances and delayed allowances
• Rizal relied on money sent by his brother Paciano, focusing on studies to avoid distractions
• Rizal lived on a tight budget, sometimes attending classes on an empty stomach
• Rizal delivered a significant speech at a banquet in Madrid, praising Filipino painters Luna and Hidalgo


  June 1884
• The speech highlighted the cosmopolitan nature of genius and the changing times in the Philippines
• The speech gained Rizal fame but also caused concern among family members about its political impact
• Rizal moved to Paris to specialize in ophthalmology under Dr. Louis de Wecker


  November 1885
• Rizal modeled for paintings by Juan Luna during his stay with him
• Rizal continued working on his novel "Noli Me Tangere"
• Rizal moved to Heidelberg to assist Dr. Otto Becker at the University Eye Hospital


  February 1886
• Rizal mastered techniques of diagnosing eye ailments under Dr. Becker's mentorship
• Rizal established a friendship with Austrian scholar Blumentritt through correspondence
• Rizal attended lectures and mastered the German language in Leipzig
• Rizal translated works such as "William Tell" and fairy tales by Hans Christian Andersen into Tagalog
• Rizal moved to Berlin to further study ophthalmology and German culture


  November 1886
• Rizal faced financial hardships and contemplated burning the manuscript of "Noli Me Tangere"
• Rizal received financial assistance from friend Maximo Viola, enabling the publication of "Noli Me Tangere"
• Rizal distributed copies of "Noli Me Tangere" in Europe and prepared to return home to operate on his mother's cataracts
• Propaganda Movement


  Late 19th-century reform and national consciousness movement among Filipino expatriates, primarily led by Ilustrados, intellectuals from affluent families, studying abroad
• Filipino students in Spain in the 1880s and 1890s encountered newfound liberties, free discussion of ideas, and critiques of church and state, which sparked their involvement in the movement
• La Solidaridad


  Movement's newspaper, published every two weeks, with Graciano Lopez Jaena as the first editor, succeeded by Marcelo H. del Pilar
• Goals of the Propaganda Movement

  • Advocated for full incorporation of the Philippines into Spain as a province, not just a colony
  • Called for expulsion of Spanish friars, empowerment of native Filipino clergy
  • Aimed to showcase intellectual sophistication through Filipino elite's writing and artistic production
• Rizal returns to the Philippines after five years abroad, greeted by controversy at the Ateneo where Jesuits attempt to sway him back to Catholicism


  August 1887
• Padre Faura criticizes Rizal's novel "Noli Me Tangere", suggesting mistakes, but Rizal stands firm, believing in the truth of his work
• Friars vehemently oppose Rizal and his novel, preaching against him and spreading rumors of him being a German spy or a mason, leading to daily death threats