Organic chemistry

• Organic chemistry


  Chemistry dealing with compounds that contain carbon
• Exceptions to organic chemistry

  • CO2
  • CO3^2-
  • CN-
• Saturated hydrocarbons

  • Contain no double or triple bonds
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons


  • Contain at least one double or triple bond
• Types of chemical formulae

  • Full structural
  • Condensed
  • Skeletal
• UNSATURATED


  Alkenes, Alkynes
• Full structural formula


  Actual arrangement of atoms in the molecule
• Elements

  • C
  • N
  • O
  • X
• Condensed formula


  Arrangement of the atoms in a compound with only a single line of text
• Alkane


  Class name
• Alkyl

  Functional group name
• Alkanes


  Relatively unreactive
• Alkene

  • CnH2n
  • Alkenyl
  • -ene
• Skeletal formula


  Graphical representation of the arrangement of elements used in organic chemistry to simplify the diagrams
• Alkyne


  • CnH2n-2
  • Alkynyl
  • -yne
• Complete combustion of ethane


  Write a balanced equation
• Amine


  • RNH2
  • Amino
  • -amine
• Incomplete combustion of ethane

  Write a balanced equation
• Nitrile


  • RCN
  • Cyano
  • -nitrile
• Isomers


  Different arrangements of atoms that have the same molecular formula
• Free-radical substitution


  1. CH4(g) + Cl2(g) → CH3Cl(l) + HCl(g)

  2. What are some other possible products?

  
• Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes due to C=C
• Alcohol


  • R-OH
  • Hydroxyl
  • -ol
• Electrophilic addition


  Adding across the C=C
• Homologous series


  A series of closely-related compounds in organic chemistry
• Ether


  • ROR'
  • Ether
  • -oxy-
• Halogenoalkane


  • CnH2n+1X
  • Fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-
  • none
• Addition polymerization


  • Hydrophile
  • H2O
• Homologous series


  • Have same general formula and functional group
  • Differ by a CH2 group
  • Have similar chemical properties
  • Show a gradation in physical properties such as boiling point

  
• Hydration


  1. H2O

  2. heat

  3. HBr

  4. H3PO4

  5. heat

  6. Hg

  7. 150°C
• Aldehyde


  • R-CHO
  • Aldehyde
  • -al
• Functional group

  Atom/groups of atoms giving organic compounds characteristic properties
• Alkenes are unsaturated
• Amide


  • RCONH2
  • Carbox-amide
  • -amide
• Alcohols

  • Extreme form of oxidation
  • Burn more cleanly than their equivalent alkanes
• Complete combustion of ethanol

  Write a balanced equation
• Carboxylic acid


  • RCOOH
  • Carboxyl
  • -oic acid
• Oxidation

  1. Identify the class name of each of the different compounds, then identify ALL of the intermolecular forces present in each. Place a red circle around the strongest IMF in each compound.

  2. Where [O] is acidified (H+) KMnO4 or K2Cr2O7

  3. And K2Cr2O7 is reduced from orange Cr(VI) to green Cr(III)

  
• Arene


  • CnH2n-6
  • Phenyl
  • none
• Esters

  • Volatile organic compounds with distinctive aromas
  • Used in synthetic flavours, perfumes, and cosmetics
  • Example: 3-methylbutyl ethanoate has an aroma similar to bananas and pears