M1

• Anatomy

  The study of the structures of the body
• Physiology

  The study of the processes and functions of the body
• Levels of organization for human body

  • Chemical
  • Cell
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ System
  • Organism

  
• Function

  The physiological works of certain part/s of the body
• 11 Organ Systems of Human Body

  • Integumentary
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
  • Endocrine
  • Cardiovascular
  • Lymphatic
  • Respiratory
  • Digestive
  • Urinary
  • Reproductive
• Organ Systems

  • Provide a specific function
  • Composed of organs that work together
• 6 Essential Characteristics of Life

  • Organization
  • Metabolism
  • Responsiveness
  • Growth
  • Development
  • Reproduction
• Anatomical Position

  Person standing upright with face directed forward, upper limbs hanging to sides, palms facing forward
• Directional Terms

  • Right
  • Left
  • Inferior
  • Superior
  • Anterior
  • Posterior
  • Dorsal
  • Ventral
  • Proximal
  • Distal
  • Lateral
  • Medial
  • Superficial
  • Deep
• Planes

  • Sagittal
  • Median
  • Transverse/Horizontal
  • Frontal/Coronal
• Sections

  • Longitudinal
  • Transverse/Cross Section
  • Oblique
• Trunk Cavities


  • Thoracic
  • Abdominal
  • Pelvic
• Serous Membranes

  Visceral - in contact with organs

  Parietal - in contact with cavity walls
• Homeostasis


  The condition in which body functions, fluids, and other factors of the internal environment are maintained within a range suitable to support life
• Negative Feedback Mechanism


  Regulates most body systems

  Occurs when deviation from set point is made smaller or resisted
• Positive Feedback Mechanism


  Occurs when initial stimulus further stimulates the response
• Homeostasis

  • Regulating body temperature

  Regulating blood sugar

  Regulating contractions during labor
• Gross Anatomy (macroscopicanatomy) - study of the larger structures for the body, those visible without the aid of magnification.
• Microscopic Anatomy - “micro-small”, study of anatomy that can be only observed through a microscope.
• Chemical – involves how atoms interact and combine into molecules.
• Cell – basic structural and functional units of organisms
• Tissue – a group of similar cells and the material surrounding them.
• Organ – composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions.
• Organ System – a group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions.
• Organism – a complex of organ systems that are mutually dependent upon one another.
• Integumentary System

  • Provides protection
  • Regulates temperature
  • Prevents water loss
  • Helps produce vitamin D
  • Includes skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands
• Skeletal System


  • Provides protection and support
  • Allows body movements
  • Produces blood cells
  • Stores mineral and adipose tissue
  • Includes bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, joints
• Muscular System


  • Produces body movements
  • Maintains posture
  • Produces body heat
  • Muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons
• Nervous System


  • Major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, intellectual functions
  • Includes brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
• Cardiovascular system


  • Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body
  • Plays a role in the immune response and regulation of body temperature
  • Consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood
• Lymphatic system


  • Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph
  • Combats disease
  • Maintains tissue fluid balance
  • Absorbs dietary fats from digestive tract
  • Consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs
• Respiratory system


  • Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air
  • Regulates blood pH
  • Consists of lungs and respiratory passages
• Digestive system


  • Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion
  • Absorption of nutrients
  • Elimination of wastes
  • Consists of mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs
• Urinary system


  • Removes waste products from the blood
  • Regulates blood pH, ion balance, water balance
  • Consists of kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters
• 1. Organization – refers to a specific relationship of the many individual parts of an organism.
• Reproductive system

  • Produces oocytes for females and sperm cells for males for reproduction
  • Produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors
  • Female system consists of ovaries, uterus, vagina
  • Male system consists of testes, ducts, penis
• Thoracic Cavity – surrounded by rib cage & is separated from the abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm
• Abdominal Cavity – bounded primarily by abdominal muscles; contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas & kidneys.
• Pelvic Cavity – a small space enclosed by thebones of the pelvis; contains the urinary bladder, partof the large intestine, and the internal reproductiveorgans
• Serous Membranes:

  ▪Visceral – membranes that are in contact with the organ/s

  ▪Parietal – membranes that are in contact with the walls of the cavity