PR2 LESSON 2

• Research instrument


  General term used by the researcher for measuring devices such as surveys, questionnaires, tests, checklist, etc.
• Instrumentation


  The action which is the process of developing, testing, and using the instrument
• Guidelines in developing research instrument

  1. Background

  2. Questionnaire conceptualization

  3. Establishing the validity of the questionnaire

  4. Establishing the reliability of the questionnaire

  5. Pilot testing of the questionnaire

  6. Revise the questionnaire
• Validity


  The degree to which the instrument measures what it intends to measure
• Types of validity


  • Face validity
  • Content validity
  • Criterion validity
  • Construct validity
• Reliability


  How accurate and precise the measuring instrument is, yielding consistent responses over repeated measurements
• Types of reliability


  • Stability or test-retest reliability
  • Split-half method
  • Internal consistency
• All valid instruments are reliable but not all reliable instruments are valid
• Instrument


  A general term used by the researcher for measuring devices such as surveys, questionnaires, tests, checklist, etc.
• Instrumentation


  The action which is the process of developing, testing, and using the instrument
• Instrument is the device while instrumentation is a course of action
• Guidelines in Developing Research Instrument

  1. Background

  2. Questionnaire Conceptualization

  3. Establishing the validity of the questionnaire

  4. Establishing the reliability of the questionnaire

  5. Pilot testing of the questionnaire

  6. Revise the questionnaire
• Construct


  The characteristics that you wish to measure or to evaluate in your research instrument (e.g. weight, academic performance, etc.)
• Likert Scale


  • Used to measure behavior quantitatively
• Dichotomous questions


  • Questions with only two choices such as "Yes/No" or "Like/Dislike"
• Open-ended questions


  • Questions that normally answer the question "why"
• Closed-ended questions


  • Also called multiple-choice questions, consists of three or more choices
• Rank-order Scale questions


  • Questions that ask for ranking the given choices or items
• Rating Scale questions


  • Likert scale form, measures the weights of the response of the respondents
• Validity


  The degree to which the instrument measures what it intends to measure
• Face Validity


  • A subjective type of assessment of the research instrument, the weakest type of validity
• Content Validity


  • Refers to the appropriateness of the content of an instrument, assessed by an expert
• Criterion Validity


  • Measures how well the relationship between the result of your instrument to the result of another instrument
• Construct Validity


  • Defines how well a test measures what it claims to measure, used to know whether the operational definition of a construct aligns with the true theoretical meaning of a concept
• Reliability


  How accurate and precise the measuring instrument is, yields consistent responses over repeated measurements
• Stability or Test-retest reliability


  • The same questionnaire is administered twice to the same sample at a different point in time and the correlation between two sets of scores is computed
• Split-half method


  • Two different sets of questionnaires but with the same topic are administered to the same sample and the correlation between two sets of scores is computed
• Internal consistency


  • When the instrument measures a specific concept, an estimate based on a single form of a test administered on a single occasion
• All valid instruments are reliable but not all reliable instruments is valid
• Pilot testing of the questionnaire


  Participants could put remarks on some questions, this could help to enhance the questions
• Revise the questionnaire


  After identifying some problem in the questionnaire, revise it based on the feedback of the participants during pilot testing, while ensuring the questionnaire matches the research objective