es

• Endogenic Process


  A geological process that was formed, originated, and located below the surface of the earth
• Endogenic Process


  • Involves geologic activities such as tectonic movements, metamorphism, seismic activities and magmatism
• Magma


  Formed under certain circumstances in special location deep in the crust or in the upper mantle
• How magma is formed

  1. Partial melting of mantle rocks

  2. Rocks undergo partial melting because the minerals that compose them melt at different temperatures

  3. Partial melting takes place because rocks are not pure materials

  4. As temperature rises, some minerals melt and others remain solid

  5. If the same conditions are maintained at any given temperature, the same mixture of solid and melted rock is maintained
• Pressure


  • Increases with depth as a result of the increased weight of overlying rock
  • Higher pressure leads to higher melting points
• Mechanisms of rock melting

  • Decompression melting
  • Flux melting
• Decompression melting


  1. Takes place within Earth when a body of rock is held at approximately the same temperature but the pressure is reduced

  2. Happens because the rock is being moved toward the surface, either at a mantle plume or in the upwelling part of a mantle convection cell

  3. If a rock that is hot enough which is close to its melting point is moved toward the surface, the pressure is reduced, and the rock can pass to the liquid side of its melting curve

  4. At this point, partial melting starts to take place
• Flux melting


  1. Happens if a rock is close to its melting point and some water or carbon dioxide is added to the rock

  2. The melting temperature is reduced and partial melting starts
• As magma moves toward the surface

  It interacts with the surrounding rock, typically leading to partial melting of the surrounding rock because most such magmas are hotter than the melting temperature of a crustal rock
• At very high temperatures (over 1300°C), most magmas are entirely liquid because there is too much energy for the atoms to bond together
• As temperature drops, usually because the magma is slowly moving upward


  1. Silicon and oxygen combine to form silica tetrahedra

  2. The tetrahedra start to link together to make chains (polymerize)

  3. These silica chains have the important effect of making the magma more viscous (less runny)

  4. Magma viscosity has significant implications for more explosive volcanic eruptions
• Intrusion


  Magma that moves up into a volcano without erupting
• Plutonism


  All sorts of igneous geological activities taking place below the Earth's surface
• Magma differentiation


  1. Gives birth to ideal conditions for metallogenesis

  2. This is the exact process that gives birth to magma, when the presence of various oxides, fluorine, sulfur, and chlorine compounds that are necessary for the creation of magma is guaranteed
• Plutonites


  Igneous rock formations created when the process of crystallization and solidification of magma takes places below the Earth's surface and particularly in the crust
• Extrusion


  An eruption of magmatic materials that causes land formation on the surface of the Earth
• Magma extrusion


  1. Causes the formation of volcanoes when the gas pressure is strong enough and there are cracks in the earth's crust

  2. Magma that came out to the surface of the earth is called the eruption

  3. Magma that came to the surface of the earth is called lava
• Magma can move up

  Because of a high pressure exerted by magma and gases
• Magma chamber


  A bag in the lithosphere where magma occupies
• Depth of the magma chamber

  • Causes the differences in the strength of volcanic eruptions
  • In general, the deeper the magma chamber, the stronger the explosion
• Volcanism


  Used to describe all geological phenomena that occurs on the natural terrestrial surface, such as the creation of volcanoes and hot springs
• Volcanism


  1. Refers to all sorts of geological activities correlated with the flow and transportation of igneous material from the planet's interior towards the natural terrestrial surface

  2. This motion takes place inside the cracks that are known among geologists as natural pipes that infiltrate the upper mantle

  3. The mantle allows massive quantities of liquids and gases to reach the upper layers of the planet and in various cases, even the natural terrestrial surface
• How volcanoes are created and formed

  1. The energy generated by inductive currents flowing from the Earth's core towards the surface hits the upper layers in the form of pressure and smashes the overlaying rock formations

  2. The presence of dilated water vapor plays an important role in the creation of craters by assisting the flow of magma towards the surface

  3. Massive amounts of water vapor concentration in magmatic gases with an average value of 80% are emitted into the atmosphere during volcanic eruptions

  
• Volcanites


  Rock formations composed of gray, dull pink colored track basaltic lava with large phenocrysts and pyroclastic, formed by the process of crystallization of molten material (lava) on the natural terrestrial surface