CAL Midterms

• Philosophy - Comes from the greek word "philo" meaning love and "sophia" meaning wisdom. An outlook in life.
• Philosophy - Broadly connotes as a "theoretical investigation" and "a continuing search for truth."
• Philosophy - love of wisdom
• True or False - Knowledge and Wisdom are the same thing. False
• Knowledge is about facts, while wisdom is about how to use those facts.
• Wisdom - The ability to apply sound judgment and the ability to apply what has been acquired mentally.
• Philosophy is the science of beings in their ultimate reason, causes, and principles as known by the aid of human reason.
• The Branches of Philosophy

  Cosmology (Philosophy of Nature, the study of material beings or the non-living universe.)
• The Branches of Philosophy

  Epistemology (The study of certainty and validity of human knowledge.)
• The Branches of Philosophy

  Ethics (Moral Philosophy, deals with human acts and their morality)
• The Branches of Philosophy

  Logic (Science of Correct Thinking)
• The Branches of Philosophy

  Rational Psychology (study of living beings and the principle of life, the nature of vital operations, and their powers and classifications)
• The Branches of Philosophy

  Ontology (Metaphysics, study of beings and the different reasons and principles of the reality of things)
• The Branches of Philosophy

  Theodicy (Natural Theology, the philosophical study of God, and contingent and emergent reality)
• Man is the center of all beings in the world
• Pythagoras gave the etymological meaning of philosophy, which is "love of wisdom
• Historical profile of man

  Ancient Period - characterized by its emphasis on the notion of the cosmos and the order of the universes. Here cosmology had a priority over theology and anthropology.
• Historical profile of man

  Medieval period - Here theology superseded cosmology. Man was a being created by God
• Historical profile of man

  Renaissance Period - from 14th to 16th century, Man shifted from being a creation of God to being the center of interest.
• Historical profile of man

  16th and 17th century - A reflection on man reflecting his different aspects in a spirit of empirical investigation. Comparison between man and beast.
• Historical profile of man

  18th-century Enlightenment - The social world is a work of man, he is not only a natural being but also a cultural being.
• Historical profile of man

  19th century - Immense progress in social sciences. Karl Marx and Freud could view man not as a whole but only in regions and specialties.
• Historical profile of man

  Contemporary Period - Prevalence of phenomenology and existentialism. Technological advancements put man in an inferior state.
• Empiricism: philosophical belief that all knowledge is ultimately based on experience
• Enlightenment: 18th-century philosophical movement to replace authoritarian beliefs with rational scientific inquiry
• Existentialism: Philosophical movement that rejects metaphysics and concentrates on man's free-will
• Neo-Platonist: A philosophical and religious system that emphasizes an eternal world of order. Material existence is a weak and unsatisfactory copy.
• Phenomenology: the study of all possible appearances in human experience
• Rationalism: is the theory that the exercise of reason is the only way to discover truth. Reason is the prime source of knowledge and spiritual truth.
• Sophist: member of a pre-Socratic school of philosophy in ancient Greece.
• Man as a product of evolution

  Evolution: is the gradual and continuous process of developing primitive living organisms into the diversity of plant and animal life today
• Man as a product of evolution

  Lamarck: published the first theory of evolution in 1809
• Evolution by Natural Selection: Charles Darwin developed this theory of evolution.
• Evolution of man towards an Omega point

  1. Pre-Life: this period is the proliferation of substances in the universe, energy, and matter, and the uncultured earth.
  2. Life: This covers the appearance of life; its growth and its intricacies
  3. Thought: involves the beginning of thought and the different stages toward the existence of man and the modern world.
  4. Superlife: Concerns the spirit of the earth, the merging of the person with the omega point, and man and the ultimate earth
• Anthropologist: Studies the origin of man, and his physical, social, and cultural development and behavior.
• Biologist: specializes and trained in biology
• Botanist: specializes in the study of plants
• Naturalist: Versed in natural history, especially in zoology and botany
• Paleontologist: Studies fossils and ancient life forms
• Culture: is a universal and perennial human phenomenon, found in all times, in all places, and in all peoples.