Education and Health

• Education


  The social institution that formally socializes members of the society. It also refers to the process through which skills, knowledge and values are transmitted from the teachers to the learners.
• Types of Education

  • Formal Education
  • Non-Formal Education
• Formal Education


  • Based in the classroom and provided by trained teaching and nonteaching personnel, has an approved curriculum which includes the course outline, the prescribed number of sessions to finish the lessons and authentic assessments and outputs.
• Non-Formal Education


  • An organized educational activity that takes place outside a formal setup. It is usually, flexible, learner-centered, contextualized, and uses a participatory approach and has no age limit as kids, the youth, and even adults can take part of this.
• Functions of Education

  • Manifest Function
  • Latent Function
• Manifest Function


  The primary and intended function of education in our society
• Manifest Functions of Education

  • Socialization - initiated into taking societal roles
  • Transmission of Culture, Skills and Values
• Latent Function


  The secondary and unintended function of education brought about by the school environment
• Latent Functions of Education


  • Venue of expanding people's network
  • Ability to work in groups (either as a leader or a member)
• Throughout the world, education has become a vast and complex social institution that prepares citizens for roles demanded by other social institutions, such as the family, government, and economy.
• Goals and functions of education in the 21st-century world

  • Productive Citizenry
  • Self-Actualization
• Productive Citizenry


  The idea that a citizen by him/herself must create the environment and opportunities to become productive that contribute to the betterment of the society.
• Self-Actualization


  The desire for self-fulfillment, namely, to the tendency for him/her to actualize what he/she is potential. "What a man can be, he must be" (Abraham Maslow)
• Maslow's lists of characteristics of a self-actualized people

  • Acceptance and Realism
  • Problem-centering
  • Spontaneity
  • Autonomy and Solitude
  • Continued Freshness and Appreciation
• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that everyone has the right to education. Education has to be free and compulsory at least at the primary level, whereas higher education should be made available on the basis of merit.
• Sociology of Health and Illness


  This emerging field within sociology examines the interactions between society and health.
• Health Units in the Philippines

  • Regional Hospitals
  • Provincial Hospitals
  • Local Hospitals
  • Barangay Health Center
• Cultural Constructs of Health and Filipino Attribution of Illness

  • Namamana
  • Lihi
  • Pasma
  • Sumpa and Gaba
  • Namaligno
  • Kaloob ng Diyos
• Namamana


  The Filipino language translation of acquiring a behavioral or disease trait from a parent.
• Lihi


  Referring to the first trimester of pregnancy, the pregnant woman experiences a number of physical discomforts (dizziness, nausea, irritability) and the woman develops an intense craving for certain foods and intense liking for certain objects.
• Pasma


  Roughly defined as an "exposure illness" which occurs when a condition considered to be "hot" is attacked by a "cold" element and vice versa.
• Sumpa and Gaba


  Beliefs in the Filipino culture pertaining to a curse. Sumpa is a curse inflicted by a human being, while Gaba is a curse inflicted by a divine being and it is usually God.
• Namaligno


  A Filipino belief that a disease is caused by an intervention of a supernatural or a mystical being.
• Kaloob ng Diyos


  This means God's will. When a Filipino individual experiences an unexpected event in their life, whether negative or positive, it is typically attributed to the grace of God. This concept helps families cope and accept their life experiences.
• Usog


  A Filipino belief regarding the discomfort brought about by a stranger or visitor who is thought to have an evil eye or who brings an evil wind or a hex.
• Bughat


  The term used to refer to the ailments (headache, chills, body pains, malaise, etc.) a mother experiences after giving birth or after suffering from an abortion or miscarriage if she did not follow certain rituals after childbirth.
• Filipino Theories of Illness

  • Mystical
  • Personalistic
  • Naturalistic
  • Viral/Bacterial
• Mystical


  Retribution from ancestors for unfulfilled obligations (e.g. nightmares or bangungot)
• Personalistic


  Attributed to social punishment or retribution by supernatural beings (e.g. evil, witch, mangkukulam)
• Naturalistic


  Causes include a range of factors from nature events, excessive stress, incompatible food, and drugs.
• Viral/Bacterial


  Viruses and bacteria are the causes.
• Types of Personalistic Illness

  • Mambabarang (Animal Summoner)
  • Usikan (Curse Hexer)
  • Mangkukulam (Filipino Witches)
  • Manggagayuma (Love Charmer)
• Cultural Health Actors

  • Albularyo
  • Hilot
  • Mangluluop / Manghihila / Mangtatawas
  • Medico
• Albularyo

  The "general practitioner" which is knowledgeable enough about folkloric modalities in using medicinal herbs.
• Hilot


  Refers to the Manghihilot and Magpapaanak. Manghihilot specializes in techniques and treatments applicable to sprains, fractures, and musculoskeletal conditions. Magpapaanak specializes in giving prenatal visits and delivering babies.
• Mangluluop / Manghihila / Mangtatawas


  Specializes in diagnostic techniques, usually referring the patients after diagnosis to the albularyo, medico, or manghihilot.
• Medico


  A sort of hybrid health actor for he/she merges age-old folkloric modalities with ingredients of western medicine.
• All individuals have the right to health. This right implies an economic, social, and cultural right to a universal minimum standard of health.
• Filipino on Diagnosis Prevention, Healing, and Health Promotion

  • Flushing
  • Heating
  • Protecting
• Flushing - an act of stimulating physiological events to cleanse the body.