non glyceride

• Non-Glycerides


  Also referred to as the unsaponifiable fraction, 2% of composition of fats and oils

  
• Main components of fats and oils

  • Triglycerides (97-98%)
  • Non-glycerides (2%)

  
• Non-glyceride components


  • Phospholipids
  • Tocopherols & tocotrienols
  • Squalene
  • Sterols
  • Pigments
  • Pesticides
  • Trace metals

  
• Phospholipids (Phosphatides)


  • Emulsifiers, hinder separation of oil and water phases, interfere with bleaching, are catalyst poisons, shorten shelf life, and foul equipment surfaces
• Types of phospholipids


  • Hydratable phosphatides (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol)
  • Nonhydratable phosphatides (phosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidic acid, calcium and magnesium salts)

  
• Lecithins and cephalins


  Triglycerides that have one fatty acid replaced with phosphoric acid

  
• Tocopherols and tocotrienols


  Natural antioxidants found in plant-based oils, include four tocopherol and four tocotrienol isomers, act as antioxidants that inhibit lipid oxidation in foods
• Tocopherols


  Have a saturated side chain
• Tocotrienols


  Have an unsaturated side chain

  
• Tocopherols and tocotrienols are removed during chemical refining and deodorization stages
• Sterols


  • Comprise most of the unsaponifiable matter, high melting, colorless, heat stable, and relatively inert
• Caustic refining removes a portion of the sterols, but more effective removal requires fractional crystallization, molecular distillation, or high-temperature steam distillation
• Phytosterols


  Vegetable sterols
• Cholestrol


  Most extensively studied animal fat sterol
• Pigments in fats and oils

  • Carotenes (impart yellow and red colors, readily adsorbed by bleaching earths)
  • Chlorophylls (impart greenish cast, reduced by heat bleaching)
  • Degraded proteins and carbohydrates (impart brownish cast, eliminated with clarification by filtration or water washing)
  • Gossypol (imparts yellowish color to cottonseed oil, removed by chemical refining with caustic soda)
• Pesticide translocation happens to oil-bearing plant seeds due to its application to increase agriculture production
• Solvent extraction nor Bleaching affects the pesticide levels in oils and is only removed through volatilization during deodorization
• The use of deodorizer distillates in animal feeds has been forbidden because of the pesticide content (Toxic!!!)
• Trace metals


  • Absorbed by plants during the growing season and fats and oils processing, most are harmful to product quality and human health and reduce the efficiency of the process, Cu, Fe, Mn, & Ni substantially reduce the oxidative stability of fats and oils, Ca, Na, and Mg reduce the efficiency of the refining, degumming, bleaching, and hydrogenation systems