NOMENCLATURE & ID

• Nomenclature


  Science dealing with the principles and procedures involved in naming a taxa
• Nomenclature


  • Precise system that deals with the terms indicating the ranks of taxonomic groups as well as the application of names to such groups
  • Study of the system and methods of naming organisms which includes construction, interpretation and appreciation of the regulations governing the system
• Nomenclature

  Names = ICBN (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature) = International Code of Nomenclature for algae fungi and plants (ICN)

  
• Nomenclature


  1. Develop rules to standardized names of plants

  2. Enacted by International Botanical Congress which meet every 4 years

  3. A law, the enforcement is based on botanical agreement
• Purpose of a Name

  • As an easy means of reference
  • As an aid to communication
  • As an aid in the flow of information
  • To avoid the use of descriptive phrases every time we wish to refer to an object
• Common name or vernacular name


  Not accepted in ICBN/ICN due to multiplicity of language and use of different alphabets, the same name is often use in different sense to denote different species, One species may be known for more than one name
• Species name


  Must be in Latin form written in Latin alphabet and subject to the rule of Latin grammar. Latin is a dead language, it is no longer used therefore very conservative, and more or less permanent. It is the common language of learned men in Europe where science of Botany originated and developed. Latin was the language used when Linnaeus developed the system of nomenclature.
• Binomial


  The generic name and the scientific epithet form the binomial called scientific name (i.e. Rafflesia banaoana)
• Complete scientific name


  Includes the third element- the author (i.e. Rafflesia banaoana Malabrigo). The author is the one who formally described the plant. The name of the author is often abbreviated.

  
• Names of taxa at the upper principal ranks above the species

  Monomials (i.e. Family Malvaceae)

  
• Names at infraspecific level

  Trinomials (i.e. Pterocarpus indicus forma echinatus)

  
• Generic name


  Singular, Latinized noun or word treated as a noun. The initial letter of the generic name is always capitalized, the remainder in small letters e.g. Pterocarpus. In manuscript, after the generic name has been spelled out once, the initial letter may be abbreviated subsequently. ex. Pterocarpus indicus L. in the next mentions of the name could be written as P. indicus
• Scientific epithet


  All letters are small letter e.g. indicus
• Derivation of Names

  • Commemorative names - names of person which generally used to honor a person
  • Descriptive or Adjectival names - names that convey something characteristic about a particular species
  • Nominative names - old generic, common and aboriginal names
  • Miscellaneous names - other characters or combination of characters
• Gender agreement


  Generic name and the epithet should have the same gender. Modifiers ending in –ans, -ens, -or, -x use only one ending for all genders.
• Types


  • Holotype
  • Isotype
  • Syntype
  • Lectotype
  • Isolectotype
  • Neotype
  • Boobootype
  • Kleptotype
• Nyms and names


  • Homonym
  • Basionym
  • Tautonym
  • Synonym
  • Hyponym
  • Typonym
  • Autonym
• Basionym


  The original name on which a new name is based
• Tautonym


  A binomial in which the generic name and specific epithet are the same
• A tautonym is treated as not validly published under the code
• Same genus and epithet is considered illegitimate but in animals it is legitimate
• Synonym


  Any of two or more names applied to the same taxon
• Nomenclatural synonym (homotypic synonym)


  Different names based on the same type
• Taxonomic synonym (heterotypic synonym)


  Different name based on different type but taxonomic judgment indicates that the types belong to the same taxon
• Hyponym


  A name not based on a type species
• Typonym


  A name based on a type species, not on diagnosis or description
• Autonym


  An automatically created name for infrageneric or infraspecific taxa indicating the subtaxon that contains the type of the respective generic or specific name
• Alternative names


  Names, two or more, published at the same time by the same author for the same taxon
• Conserved name


  A validly published name that, by decision of an International Botanical Congress, shall be used inspite of being contrary to the rules

  
• Correct name


  Name that must under the rule be adopted for a particular taxon
• Remodeling


  Description alteration involving addition, deletion or transfer of characteristics used in the circumscription of a taxon
• Remodeling of a taxon does not necessitate nor warrant a change in name
• Dividing


  A taxon is the separation into two or more recognizable groups
• If a genus should be divided, the generic name must be retained for the genus that includes the species designated as the type
• If a species is to be divided, the epithet of the originally designated type should be retained

  
• Uniting


  The joining of two or more taxa into one
• If two or more taxa of the same rank should be united, the oldest legitimate name or epithet should be retained
• Transferring


  The changing of position of the taxon (i.e. from a taxon to another - at the same level)
• When a subdivision of a genus (section) is transferred to another genus without change in rank, its epithet must be retained if legitimate
• When a species is transferred to another genus or placed under another generic name for the same genus without a change in rank, the epithet, if legitimate should be retained