SOC107

• Oppression


  The systemic and pervasive mistreatment, marginalization, or domination of a group or individual by those in power, resulting in the denial of rights, opportunities, and dignity
• Lumads


  • Indigenous peoples of Mindanao, belonging to various ethnolinguistic groups, with distinct cultural traditions, languages, and customary laws, inhabiting the upland areas of Mindanao
  • They have historically faced marginalization, discrimination, and human rights abuses, particularly in relation to land rights and resource exploitation
  • They are known for their resilience, cultural richness, and ongoing struggles for self determination and social justice
• Moros


  • Muslim population indigenous to the Philippines, primarily residing in the southern regions of Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan
  • They have distinct cultural and religious identity, predominantly adhering to Islam
  • Historically, they have been engaged in struggles for autonomy and self-determination, seeking recognition of their cultural, political, and economic rights within the Philippines
• Militant


  Vigorously active, assertive, or engaged in aggressive or confrontational actions, especially in the pursuit of a particular cause or goal
• Rebel


  Someone who resists or defies authority, often through open opposition or armed resistance
• Indigenous People's Movement for Self-Determination and Liberation (IPMSDL)


  • A network that includes Lumad groups and other indigenous communities across the Philippines, including Mindanao, focusing on advocating for the rights of indigenous peoples, resisting land dispossession, and addressing socio-economic issues affecting marginalized communities
• Indigenous Tumandok demand a halt to violence against them and their ancestral domain in the Philippines
• Indigenous leaders killed were red-tagged over dam opposition
• Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)


  • A rebel group based in Mindanao, founded in 1977 with the goal of establishing an independent Islamic state or autonomous region for the Muslim Moro people, who have long felt marginalized by the predominantly Catholic Philippine government
  • Has engaged in armed conflict with the Philippine military and government forces, seeking greater autonomy and rights for Muslims
• New People's Army (NPA)

  • The armed wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines, seeking to overthrow the Philippine government, establish a communist state, and expel US influence from the Philippines
• Subservient Reaction (Survival Instinct)

  A minority group that appears to passively accept the oppression or marginalization imposed by the majority group, as a survival instinct to avoid immediate harm and create opportunities for future resistance
• Filipinos during the Spanish colonial period could be perceived as subservient
• Heads of the Barangays (villages) cooperating with Spanish Authorities

  • Some Filipino leaders (Datu) have cooperated with the Spanish by collecting tributes and maintaining order within their communities
• Conversion to Catholicism while practicing Indigenous Beliefs secretly


  • Many Filipinos outwardly converted to Catholicism, the religion enforced by the Spanish
• Lumads


  • Often reside in ancestral lands that become battlegrounds between government forces, rebel groups like the NPA, and paramilitary organizations
  • They have little control over these conflicts and suffer casualties
  • Both the NPA and government forces have been accused of recruiting Lumads, sometimes forcefully, intro their ranks, putting them at further risk and creating internal divisions within lumad comminities
  • Armed conflict often leads to displacement as lumads flee their homes to escape violence
• Oppression Psychosis


  A mental condition that develops in groups that have been dominated by another group for a long time, characterized by hypersensitivity, suspiciousness, aggressiveness, strong group solidarity, and a focus on symbols of cultural identity and resistance
• Irish


  • Their long history of struggle for self-determination against the British rule could explain their tight-knit community and potential suspicion toward authority figures in America
• Jews/ The Jewish Community


  • Centuries of persecution could contribute to their cultural distinctiveness and focus on education and business acumen, seen as essential for survival
• Former Martial Law Victims and their Families


  • Survivors of the Marcos regime's human rights abuses and their families might experience ongoing trauma and seek justice
• The Malisbong Masjid or H. Hamsa Tacbil Mosque massacre, also called the Palimbang Massacre


  • The mass murder of Muslim Moros by units of the Philippine military on September 24, 1974, in the coastal village of Malisbong in Palimbang, Sultan Kudarat, Mindanao
• Tagalog


  • The largest ethnic group in the Philippines, primarily concentrated in the central part of Luzon, known for their language which is the basis of Filipino language, the national language of the Philippines
  • Tagalog culture has heavily influenced mainstream Filipino culture
• Cebuano


  • Inhabit the Visayas region, particularly in Cebu, Bohol, and parts of Mindanao, with the Cebuano language (a.k.a Bisaya) widely spoken in these areas
  • Cebuano culture is characterized by strong ties to family and community, as well as vibrant festivals like the Sinulog Festival
• Ilocano


  • Come from the Ilocos Region in the Northern part of Luzon, with a distinct language, known for their resilience, hardworking nature, and strong family values
  • Many Ilocanos have migrated to other parts of the Philippines and even abroad for work opportunities
• Bicolano


  • Hail from the Bicol region in southeastern Luzon, speaking Bikol languages and known for their spicy cuisine, devotion to Our Lady of Peñafrancia (the patroness of Bicol), and colorful festivals such as the Penafrancia Festival in Naga City
• Igorot


  • Indigenous peoples living in the mountainous regions of the Cordillera Administrative Region in northern Luzon, consisting of several tribes known for their rich cultural heritage, including unique rituals, dances, and handicrafts
• Muslim Filipinos (Moros)


  • Inhabit southern Philippines (regions of Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan), belonging to various ethnic groups (Maranao, Maguindanao, Tausug, and Yakan) with distinct customs, traditions, and practices compared to the Christian regions of the Philippines
• Other Indigenous Groups


  • The Philippines is home to various IPs such as the Lumad in Mindanao, the Mangyan in Mindoro, and the Aeta in Luzon, each with their own language, culture, and way of life, deeply rooted in their connections to the land and nature
• Regionalism


  A strong feeling of pride or loyalty that people in a region have for that region, based on factors like language, race, religion, geography, and other related factors
• Physical and Language Barriers: Because the Philippines is an archipelago, many of its provinces are separated from each other by water, and large islands like Luzon and Mindanao are dotted with mountain ranges that also separate different land areas, resulting in a rich, multi-cultural heritage and 150 different languages and dialects
• Regionalism as a result of Colonialism: The Spaniards encouraged regionalism to dissipate any nationalist revolt against them, employing a "divide and rule" policy wherein they used Filipino soldiers from one region to put down an uprising in another region
• In-group vs. Out-group Dynamics

  Individuals often experience greater comfort and a sense of connection with those who adhere to similar religious beliefs and practices, while individuals from disparate religious backgrounds potentially fostering feelings of unfamiliarity or distrust
• Stereotypes

  Making assumptions or generalizations about individuals based on their religious affiliations, often oversimplifying their beliefs, behaviors, or characteristics
• Bases of Social Distance in the Philippines

  • Ethnic Differences
  • Regionalism
  • Religious Differences
  • Economic Standing
  • Ethnic Educational Background
• Access to Education


  • Rural and indigenous communities often lack adequate educational infrastructure, such as schools and trained teachers
  • Language differences pose a significant barrier to education, particularly for indigenous children whose mother tongues may not be used in formal schooling
  • Poverty perpetuates education inequalities, as families living in poverty struggle to afford school fees, uniforms, and transportation costs
  • Discrimination based on ethnicity or socio-economic status can manifest in various forms within the education system, including biased teacher expectations, limited opportunities for advancement, and unequal access to extracurricular activities
• Ethnic Cultural Background


  • Cultural differences shape individual's worldviews, behaviors, and interactions, influencing interpersonal communication, family dynamics, and social etiquette
  • Each ethnolinguistic group in the Philippines adheres to distinct social norms and values that dictate acceptable behavior and social roles, which can influence intergroup dynamics and create misunderstandings
• People from impoverished backgrounds are more likely to drop out of school or attend poorly resourced schools, hindering their educational attainment
• Discrimination


  Discrimination based on ethnicity or socio-economic status can manifest in various forms within the education system, including biased teacher expectations, limited opportunities for advancement, and unequal access to extracurricular activities
• Such discrimination reinforces social distance by marginalizing certain groups and perpetuating stereotypes
• Ethnic Cultural Background


  • Traditions & Beliefs
  • Cultural differences shape individual's worldviews, behaviors, and interactions. For instance, cultural practices regarding interpersonal communication, family dynamics, and social etiquette may vary among ethnolinguistic groups, leading to misunderstandings and discomfort in cross-cultural interactions
• Social Norms & Values

  • Each ethnolinguistic group in the Philippines adheres to distinct social norms and values that dictate acceptable behavior and social roles. These norms can influence intergroup dynamics and contribute to social distance when individuals from different groups perceive each other's behavior as deviating from their own cultural standards