Midterms

• Clinical Psychology


  A discipline with similarities to medicine, education, and sociology that integrates science, theory, and practice to understand, predict, and alleviate maladjustment, disability, and discomfort as well as to promote human adaptation, adjustment, and personal development
• Health Allies


  • Psychiatrist (M.D.) - licensed as physicians, prescribed medication
  • Counseling Psychologist - handle less pathological patients (Rpsy)
  • Counseling social workers - work on the interaction of an individual and society (DSWD)
  • School psychologist - enhance the intellectual, emotional, social, and developmental lives of students
  • Health psychologist - improve life quality
  • Rehabilitation psychologist - focus more on adjusting disability
• Early Pioneers


  • William Tuke (England) - raised funds to open York Treatment, a residential treatment center where the mentally ill would always be cared for with kindness, dignity, and decency
  • Philippe Pinel (France) - He created new institutions in which patients were not kept in chains or beaten but, rather, were given healthy food and benevolent treatment
  • Eli Todd (Atlantic Ocean) - raise funds to open The Retreat in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1824
  • Dorothea Dix (United States) - Her efforts resulted in the establishment of more than 30 state institutions for the mentally ill throughout the United States
• Lightner Witmer


  He founded the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania, where he had returned as a professor and authored the first article, titled "Clinical Psychology"
• Emil Kraepelin


  The "Father of Descriptive Psychiatry" who offered a different two-category system of mental illness, including Dementia Praecox
• Alfred Binet


  Created the first Binet-Simon scale in 1905, which was later revised by Terman and called the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales
• David Wechsler


  He filled the need for a test of intelligence designed specifically for adults with the publication of his Wechsler Bellevue test, which later became the WAIS, and he also released a version suitable for children named as WISC
• James McKeen Cattell


  First used the term "mental test"
• Hermann Rorschach


  Published a test called the "inkblot method", a projective personality test
• Henry Murray and Christiana Morgan

  Published a test called the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
• Stark Hathaway and J.C McKinley


  Produced the objective test called the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
• In 1940, clinical psychology became more widespread and standardized
• The latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) was published in 2013
• The APA code of ethics was originally created in 1953 and fully revised in 2002
• Ethical Decision-Making


  Functioning as an ethical psychologist should not be a rote exercise in which a predetermined model for decision making is the sole guide
• Confidentiality


  From the Tarasoff case, the duty to warn (and duty to protect) was born, meaning clinical psychologists (and other therapists) have understood that there are limits to their confidentiality agreements with clients and that they have a duty to warn or protect people toward whom their clients make credible, serious threats
• Informed Consent


  Should be given before conducting any psychological research and assessment
• Test security


  Psychologists should prevent the questions, items, and other stimuli included in psychological tests from entering the public domain
• Test data


  The raw data the client provided during the assessment—responses, answers, and other notes the psychologist may have made
• Components of Therapeutic Relationship

  • Trust - building rapport, introducing yourself, explain the purpose and ask questions
  • Genuine Interest - listen, maintain eye contact, be open minded
  • Empathy - putting oneself to the shoes of others
  • Acceptance - do not judge them, treat them as human
  • Positive Regard - asking nothing in return
• 3 Phases of Therapeutic Communication


  • Orientation
  • Working
  • Termination
• Verbal Communication Considerations


  • Content - careful choice of words
  • Context - include and describe time, space, environment, and culture
  • Proxemics - distance between people (Intimate zone = 0 to 18 in, Personal zone = 18 to 36 in, Social zone = 4 to 12 in, Public zone = 12 to 25 in)
• Types of Touch


  • Functional professional touch
  • Social polite touch - one example is handshake
  • Friendship warmth touch
  • Love intimacy touch
  • Sexual Arousal touch
• Therapeutic Communication


  • Accepting
  • Broad opening - allowing the client to talk
  • Consensual validation
  • Encouraging comparison (rating)
  • Encouraging description of per
  • Encouraging expression
  • Exploring (asking follow up question)
  • Focusing
  • General Leads
  • Giving Information
  • Giving recognition
  • Offering oneself (initiate talk)
  • Placing events (in time or sequence)
  • Restating (to ensure understanding)
  • Seeking information
  • Summarizing
• Non-Therapeutic Communication


  • Reassuring
  • Challenging
  • Defending
  • Requesting an explanation
  • Rejecting
  • Belittling feelings
  • Disappearing
  • Giving lateral responses
  • Agreeing
  • Denial
  • Disagreeing
  • Introductory initiated response
  • Advising
  • Multiple relationship
  • Probing
  • Boundaries of Competence
• Psychological Assessment


  A sub discipline of scientific psychology devoted to the study of a given subject with different purposes (describing, diagnosing, predicting, etc.) and in different settings (clinical, educational,) that involves a lengthy and complex process of decision-making and problem-solving that begins with the client's demands
• Common Methods Used in Assessment


  • Interview
  • Self-report
  • Observation
  • Projective test/techniques
• Mental Disorder


  A clinically significant disturbance in "cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior" that indicates a "dysfunction" in "mental functioning" that is "usually associated with significant distress or disability" in work, relationships, or other areas of functioning
• Multiaxial Assessment


  • Axis I - included disorders thought to be more episodic (likely to have beginning and ending points)
  • Axis II - included disorders thought to be more stable or long-lasting
  • Axes III and IV - offered clinicians a place to list medical conditions and psychosocial/environmental problems, respectively, relevant to the mental health issues at hand
  • Axis V - known as the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale
• Evolution of DSM


  • DSM (1952) - Did not carry any number attached to the title, created after WWII and was partially a reaction to the return of military veterans from the war, 118 categories arranged in a hierarchical system
  • DSM II (1968) - Listed 182 disorders, the term "reaction" was dropped but the "neurosis" was retained, many new categories added were relevant to outpatient mental health efforts
  • DSM III (1980) - Explicit diagnostic criteria, multi-axial diagnostic assessment system, attempted to be neutral with respect to the causes of mental disorders
  • DSM III-R (1987) - Categories were renamed and reorganized, significant changes in criteria were made
  • DSM IV (1994) - Numerous changes were made to the classification, diagnostic criteria set, and descriptive text, inclusion of a clinical significance criterion
  • DSM IV-TR (2000) - Described disorders using five different dimensions, multiaxial approach
  • DSM 5 (2013) - Roman numerical V was replaced by alpha numerical 5 to facilitate subsequent revisions
  • DSM 5-TR (2022) - Cultural changes, updates to gender and sexuality, updated criteria for children, classifying language changes
• How to differentiate normal from abnormal behavior


  • Efficient perception of reality
  • Self-Knowledge
  • An ability to exercise voluntary control over behavior
  • Self-esteem and acceptance
  • An ability to form affectionate relationships
  • Productivity
• 4D's


  • Deviance = atypical (kakaiba)
  • Dysfunction = breakdown
  • Distress/impairment = suffering
  • Danger = threat/harm to self or others
• Two Forms of Psychotic symptoms


  • Hallucinations – false perception (five senses)
  • Delusions – persistent false belief
• Clinical Description


  • Presenting problem - An initial symptoms that causes a person to seek professional help
  • Clinical description - A unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder
  • Prevalence - Proportion of persons who have a condition at or during a particular time period
  • Incidence - Proportion or rate of persons who develop a condition during a particular time period

  
• Key aspects of mental health


  • Self-esteem and acceptance
  • Ability to form affectionate relationships
  • Productivity
• 4D's


  • Deviance = atypical (kakaiba)
  • Dysfunction = breakdown
  • Distress/impairment = suffering
  • Danger = threat/harm to self or others
• Two forms of psychotic symptoms

  • Hallucinations – false perception (five senses)
  • Delusions – persistent false belief
• Presenting problem


  An initial symptom that causes a person to seek professional help
• Clinical description


  A unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder

  
• Prevalence


  Proportion of persons who have a condition at or during a particular time period