DES 40A 2

• Energy


  the capacity to perform work
• Work


  the integral of force over a distance of displacement
• Power


  the rate at which energy is generated or used
• Prime mover


  primary means of generating power (animate vs inanimate)
• Secondary energy


  (e.g. electricity) is the output of processed primary energy
• Primary fuel/energy


  (renewable vs nonrenewable) main/raw source of energy
• Embodied energy


  the total cumulative amount of energy consumed in the full life cycle of something
• Life cycle


  The life of a product from when the materials it is made of first are extracted and processed for its production through its use and afterlife
• Energy-civilization equation


  the more energy produced/used, the more civilized a place is
• gravitational energy


  potential energy associated with attraction of two masses to each other
• nuclear energy


  energy from nuclear fission in the sun or nuclear reactors
• electromagnetic energy


  solar, radiant energy
• thermal energy


  heat, atmospheric and oceanic absorption of light/solar energy
• geothermal energy


  energy from gravity and radioactive decay inside earth
• chemical energy


  energy from plant photosynthesis, foods, animal metabolism, biomass, fossil fuels
• mechanical/kinetic energy


  energy from wind, water, motion
• electrical energy


  energy available through flow of charge through conductor
• principle of conservation of energy


  no energy is lost through conversion
• principle of entropy


  its potential for useful work is reduced when energy is converted
• Stone Age Energy Sources


  Sun, Food, Biomass/Wood/Fire
• Stone Age Prime Movers


  Humans and some animals, (horses c. 4000 BCE)
• Stone Age Primary materials

  Stone, Wood, Bone, Shell, Teeth, Fibers, Clay
• Stone Age Production Processes

  Carving, Sawing, Cutting, Twisting, Weaving
• "Chalcolithic" Energy sources:


  Sun, food, biomass/wood/ fire, charcoal
• "Chalcolithic" Prime movers:


  Humans and animals
• "Chalcolithic" Primary materials


  copper (but no tin yet), silver and gold
• "Chalcolithic" Production Processes


  Hammering + anvil, Casting in Moulds
• Melting Point of Copper

  1083 degrees Celsius
• Bronze Age Energy sources

  charcoal
• Bronze Age Prime movers

  Humans and animals
• Bronze Age Primary materials:

  copper + arsenic or tin = bronze
• Bronze Age Production Processes

  cupellation for refinement (blast of air to remove impurities - 2500 BCE)
• Melting Point of Copper + Tin (Bronze)

  1000 degrees celsius
• Iron Age Energy sources

  more charcoal
• Iron Age Prime movers

  many, since the iron age continues for a long time (til now!) - but for a long time, blacksmiths hammered iron on charcoal to make steel(cementation) until the blast furnaces of the Middle Ages; steel also has to be quenched/cooled and tempered
• Iron Age Primary materials

  Iron, lead, (steel = iron + carbon)
• Iron Age Production Processes

  1535 degrees Celsius ( charcoal doesn't reach that high)
• Melting Point of Iron

  1535 degrees Celsius
• Four Major Early Sources of Power

  Human, Animals, Water, Wind
• Levers


  a small force acting through a long distance is transformed into a great force acting through a short distance