micro para: SEMI

• Communicable diseases


  Microorganism infections agents or its toxic products which is easily transmitted or communicated directly or indirect or person to person
• Non-communicable (not cause of microorganism) diseases account for 59% of all deaths worldwide
• Communicable diseases that account for about 60% of deaths

  • HIV/AIDs
  • Malaria
  • TB
  • Measles
  • Diarrhea
  • Acute respiratory infection
• Mortality rate


  Common causes deaths of people
• Morbidity rate


  Common diseases of the people
• Contagious diseases


  Diseases that are directly and easily spread from one person to another
• Infectious diseases


  Diseases not transmitted by ordinary contact but require direct inoculation of pathogenic agents

  
• All contagious diseases are communicable but communicable are not contagious
• Carrier


  Organism capable of transmitting to a susceptible host without showing symptoms/manifestations of the diseases
• Contact


  Any person and animal who is in close association with an infected person (have symptoms)
• Types of diseases based on occurrences

  • Sporadic disease
  • Endemic disease
  • Epidemic disease
  • Pandemic diseases
• Sporadic disease


  Diseases that occurs only occasionally & irregularly (on or off pattern) with no specific pattern
• Endemic disease


  Constant present in a population country or community
• Epidemic disease


  Outbreak where the number of cases increases in a relatively short period of time
• Pandemic diseases


  Epidemic disease that occurs worldwide
• Types of diseases based on severity or duration

  • Acute disease
  • Chronic disease
  • Latent disease
• Acute disease


  Sudden/rapid, develop rapidly in short period
• Chronic disease


  Delayed, develop more slowly (insidious onset) likely continual or recurrent for long periods
• Latent disease


  Causative agents remain inactive for a time then suddenly become active and produce symptoms
• Primary infection


  Acute infection that causes the initial illness
• Secondary infection


  Caused by an opportunistic pathogen after primary infection has weakened the body defenses
• Subclinical (inapparent) infection


  Does not cause any noticeable illness
• Incidence


  New cases of a disease that develop during a particular time period
• Prevalence


  Total number of cases of a disease, regardless of when it appeared (both old and new cases)
• Incubation period


  Time between exposure or initial infection and the first appearance of any infection symptoms (patient is not yet aware of the disease)
• Prodromal period


  Early, mild appearance of symptoms of the disease (warning phase where the client knows something is wrong)
• Period of illness


  Time of greatest symptomatic sickness (WBC increase, can result in death if immune response or medical intervention fails, most easily transmitted during this phase)
• Period of decline


  Signs and symptoms subside as pathogen replication is controlled
• Period of convalescence


  Recovery period
• Conditions that affect infection development

  • Pathogenicity
  • Infective dose
  • Virulence and invasiveness
  • Resistance of the host
• Pathogenicity


  Ability to cause disease
• Infective dose


  Sufficient number of microorganisms needed to initiate infection
• Virulence


  Disease severity
• Invasiveness


  Microbes' ability to enter and move through tissue
• Resistance of the host

  Immune system
• Source of infection

  The pathogen
• Reservoir


  Habitat where the pathogen is found (ill people, animals/pests, wild animals, food, soil, water, fomites)
• Portal of exit


  How/where the pathogen gets out
• Modes of transmission


  • Droplet contact
  • Direct contact transmission
  • Indirect contact transmission
  • Airborne transmission
• Droplet contact


  Occurs within 3 ft/1 meter of the source (from coughing, sneezing, or talking to an infective person)