GEN NOTES FROM PPs

• Why can HIV lead to early onset AIDS?

  HIV kills white blood cells - this means one is more susceptible to pathogens.
• Explain how bacteria build resistance. (4m)

  Mutation occurs

  Mutated bacteria are stronger- more resistant to antibiotic so survive

  These asexually reproduce leaving genetically identical offspring

  Increased bacteria population of high resistance
• Describe the order of events after a new antibiotic is discovered. (3m)

  Testing on cells and or animals, testing on humans with double blind trials.
• How would a student prepare a microscope slide to show growing roots of a garlic plant? (4m)

  Get the root tip

  Soften root with heat

  Use a thin layer of cells and place on slide

  Dye with ethanol to see individual cells more clearly

  Add water drop to slide

  Add cover slip
• What is produced when a cell divides by mitosis?

  Two genetically identical diploid daughter cells.
• Describe the theory of evolution by natural selection. (3m)

  Mutation in offspring that gives a desirable characteristic.

  Mutated organism(s) survive and reproduce.

  Leads to genetically different offspring with desirable characteristic

  This is repeated over generations.
• How does bird with less bright feathers have an increased chance of survival? (2m)

  They can camouflage and so won't be eaten by predators
• How does limb structure with 5 things support evolution?

  We share the pentadactyl limb which shows there is a common ancestor, and we have evolved from this
• How can bacteria be genetically engineered to produce insulin?(6m)

  1-Desired gene is located

  2-Gene is cut out with restriction enzyme

  3-Plasmid from bacterial cell is removed with lysosomes

  4-Plasmid cut open using restriction enzyme - leaving complimentary sticky ends

  5-Gene is inserted into plasmid using ligase

  6-Plasmid is inserted back into bacterial cell

  7-Bacteria cell multiplies
• What produces antibodies?

  Lymphocytes- type of white blood cell
• Lymphocytes produce antibodies against anything that the body detects as what?

  Foreign 🇳🇺
• What 5 steps do you do to produce monoclonal antibodies🚽

  • Inject antigens into mouse
  • mouse produces lymphocytes
  • Lymphocytes extracted from mouse
  • Lymphocytes fused w tumour cells- make hybridoma cells
  • hybridoma cells are cloned
• Why cant antibiotics cure viral diseases?????

  viruses have a protective coating that bacteria dont
• Why is there no reaction at 5 and 80 degrees C?

  5- not enough energy for reaction, no ESC, no starch broken down

  80- enzyme has denatured, no ESC, no starch broken down
• Why would someone with low stomach acid be more susceptible to bacterial infections?

  Not enough acid to eliminate unwanted bacteria.