Bonding, Structure and Properties of Matter

• Solids

  Have a very thick structure, atoms may wiggle a little but are in fixed positions, cannot flow or be compressed
• Liquids


  Have more movement but are not in fixed positions, can flow but cannot be compressed
• Gases


  Have a lot of movement, not in fixed positions, can flow and can be compressed
• Melting point


  Temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid
• Boiling point


  Temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas
• Melting point and boiling point are equal to freezing point and condensing point respectively
• State symbols

  S = solid, L = liquid, G = gas, Aq = aqueous
• Observing state changes

  Liquid and solid - solution becomes cloudy

  Liquid and gas - bubbles or loss of mass
• Ionic bonding


  Transfer of electrons from metal to non-metal
• Forming ionic compounds

  Metal loses electrons, non-metal gains electrons

  Ions form a giant ionic lattice
• Ionic compounds


  • High melting/boiling points, only conduct when molten or dissolved
• Covalent bonding

  Sharing of electrons between non-metals
• Simple covalent compounds


  • Water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen gas, hydrochloric acid, methane
• Simple covalent compounds


  • Low melting/boiling points, generally gases or liquids at room temp, do not conduct
• Giant covalent compounds


  Made of carbon, have a giant covalent structure
• Giant covalent compounds


  • Graphite, diamond, fullerenes
• Graphite


  • Soft, conducts electricity
• Diamond


  • Incredibly hard
• Fullerenes


  • Incredibly hard but can be used as lubricants, potential for drug delivery and reinforcement
• Polymers


  Molecules made from many monomers, properties depend on presence of cross-links
• Nanotechnology


  Arranging atoms into specific locations/sizes to utilise their unique properties at the nanoscale
• Nanotechnology has huge potential but also raises concerns as a new technology