Organic Chemistry

• Hydrocarbon


  A compound that is made up of hydrogen and carbon only and nothing else
• Crude oil

  A mixture of different lengths hydrocarbons
• Alkanes


  Hydrocarbons with single bonds only and the general formula CnH2n+2
• Drawing organic compounds

  • Hydrogen always makes one bond
  • Carbon always makes four bonds
• First 4 alkanes

  • Methane
  • Ethane
  • Propane
  • Butane
• Fractional distillation of crude oil

  1. Crude oil goes in, gets heated up until it is a gas, then leaves into a condensing column

  2. Longer chain hydrocarbons come off at the bottom, shorter ones at the top
• Alkenes


  Hydrocarbons with double bonds, general formula CnH2n
• Testing for alkenes

  Use bromine water, goes from orange to colourless
• Alkanes are saturated, alkenes are unsaturated
• First 4 alkenes

  • Ethene
  • Propene
  • Butene
  • Pentene
• Isomers


  Different arrangements of the same molecular formula
• Complete combustion of hydrocarbons


  Hydrocarbon + oxygen -> water + carbon dioxide
• Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons

  Not enough oxygen -> water, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide (toxic)
• Hydrogenation of alkenes

  React with hydrogen at 60°C with nickel catalyst -> alkanes
• Hydration of alkenes


  React with water -> alcohols
• Halogenation of alkenes

  React with halogens -> haloalkanes
• Alcohols

  Compounds with an -OH functional group
• First 4 alcohols

  • Methanol
  • Ethanol
  • Propanol
  • Butanol
• Alkyl groups


  Hydrocarbon groups attached to a functional group
• Reactions of alcohols

  1. React with sodium -> fierce

  2. Burn in oxygen -> combustion

  3. Dissolve in water
• Fermentation


  Sugar + yeast -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
• Carboxylic acids

  Compounds with a -COOH functional group
• First 4 carboxylic acids

  • Methanoic acid
  • Ethanoic acid
  • Propanoic acid
  • Butanoic acid
• Reactions of carboxylic acids

  1. React with carbonates -> fizzing

  2. React with alcohols -> esters
• Monomers


  Single units that can be joined together to form polymers
• Polymers


  Large molecules made up of many monomers joined together
• Condensation polymerisation


  Monomers join together, losing a small molecule (usually water)
• DNA structure

  • Double helix
  • Bases: A, T, C, G
  • Sugar-phosphate backbone
• DNA replication

  1. Strands can break apart down the middle

  2. Sections of DNA can be read and turned into amino acids and proteins