Historical and Legal Perspective in Education

• Disability


  • Viewed as punishment from God
  • Signifies being bad or evil
• Individuals with disability

  • Labelled as "defectives" that need to be eliminated from the society
• Calls for infanticide


  Father had the right to terminate their child's life if he or she happened to be born with a disability
• Disability was viewed as impurity


  Disabled person was denied some rights
• Disability was viewed as impurity


  Perspective changed as the New Testament presented Jesus being helpful to persons with disability
• Perspective on disability

  • Changed from viewing it as a sign of evil to viewing persons with disability as needing help
• Discrimination of individuals who were different from the majority

  • Persons with disability were treated with ridicule
  • Used as servants or fool
  • Used as clowns
  • Mocked for their deformities and behavior
  • May even be ordered to be put to death
• Catholic Church


  • Began accepting persons with disabilities as wards of state
  • Start of the humane treatment given to them
  • Taken cared for, albeit in isolation
• Belief about disability


  • Once disabled always disabled rendered these individuals as uneducable
• Humane treatment


  Without education, there is no humanity
• To reinforce equal treatment among all humans, one should have the right to education regardless of his or her disability
• Development of special and inclusive education

  Individuals devised ways to deliver education to those with disabilities
• Individuals who provided education to those with disabilities

  • Pedro Ponce de Leon (1578)
  • Abbe Charles Michel de l'Epee (1960)
  • Louis Braille (1829)
• Joseph Pereire


  • Showed interest in "deafmutes", who were generally believed to be unteachable
  • Used a simple sign language and a machine he invented to systematically teach them to do simple arithmetic calculations
• This was one of the first attempts at demonstrating how individuals with handicaps can be taught through special education
• Jean Marc Itard


  • Known for his work on intellectual disability
  • Taught Victor, the wild boy of Aveyron, how to identify common objects, letters of the alphabet, and the meaning of some words
• Jean Marc Itard


  Named the Father of Special Education because, even though he was unsuccessful he attempted to teach the, "wild boy of Aveyron" by behavior modification which is considered the beginning of special education
• Accommodation


  Change how the learners with disabilities, giftedness, and talents learn the same material and meet the same expectations as their age peers
• Modification


  Changes what a student is taught or expected to learn
• Samuel Gridley Howe


  • Known for his work with blind individuals at the Perkins School for the Blind in Boston
• Thomas Gallaudet


  • Put up a school for the deaf in Hartford, Connecticut
• Edouard Seguin


  • Focused on teaching individuals with intellectual disability
  • Involved with Hospice des Incurables in France, Pennsylvania Training School for Idiots in the United Sates, and Weak-minded and Weak-bodied Children in New York
• Edouard Seguin


  • Considered the first great teacher in the field of disabilities
  • Improved upon Itard's method of sensory training
  • Saw the potential disabilities through their research on the neurological basis of learning disabilities
• Maria Montessori


  • Developed techniques and materials that can be used to teach learners with intellectual disability
• Grace Fernald


  • Developed techniques for providing remedial education in reading
• Alfred A. Strauss and Heinz Werner


  • Collaborated at the Wayne County Training School, Northville, Michigan, in 1937 and laid the cornerstone for what today is known as the field of learning disabilities
• Improvement of economics and politics


  • Created a more positive attitude and available funding for special education
• Head Start program


  • Promoted early intervention for children who were or at risk of becoming handicapped
• Head Start program


  Promotes the school readiness of infants, toddlers, and preschool aged children from low income families
• Special Education


  • Recognized as a formal and identifiable profession
  • Parents and advocates acknowledged the rights of individuals with special needs and importance of special education
  • Legislation regarding special education were created
• Head Start programs


  Promote the school readiness of infants, toddlers, and preschool aged children from low income families. Services are provided in a variety of settings including centers, family child care, and children's own home
• Special Education started to be recognized as a formal and identifiable profession; parents and advocates also started to acknowledge the rights of individuals with special needs and importance of special education; and legislation regarding special education were created
• The exclusion and discrimination against handicapped students became a focus of litigation and legislation
• RECENT LEGISLATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES SUPPORTING INCLUSIVE EDUCATION


  • Section 8, DepEd Order No. 43, series of 2013: IRR of RA 10533 or the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013
  • Senate Bill 1414: Bill of the Inclusive Education for Children and Youth with Special Needs
  • Senate Bill 1298: The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2016 (IDEA)
  • Senate Bill 996: Inclusive Education for Children and Youth with Special Needs Act of 2016
  • DepEd Order No. 42, series of 2017: National Adoptation and Implementation of the Philippines Professional Standards for Teachers (PPST)
  • CHED Memo 74-77, series of 2017 Policies, Standards, and Guidelines for Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEEd), Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSEd), Bachelor of Early Childhood Education (BECEd), and Bachelor of Special Needs Education (BSNEd)
  • The DepEd Order 21, series of 2019 Policy Guidelines on the K to 12 Basic Education Program
• Section 8, DepEd Order No. 43, series of 2013: IRR of RA 10533 or the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013 is a policy that recognizes the inclusiveness of the enhanced basic education, and thus, stipulates the implementation of programs aiming to address the physical, intellectual, psychological and cultural needs of all learners, including the following special groups: Gifted and talented learners, Learners with disabilities, Indigenous people, Learners under difficult circumstance
• Senate Bill 1414: Bill of the Inclusive Education for Children and Youth with Special Needs has been put forth in the Philippine Congress. This is in response to the growing number of students with disabilities, giftedness, and talents in the Philippines, whereas there is a lack of access to centers and institutions that provide them with special education and cater to their different needs
• The main goal of Senate Bill 1414: Bill of the Inclusive Education for Children and Youth with Special Needs is to provide every Filipino child and youth with access to inclusive education, as well as the appropriate resources, materials, and equipment they need
• Senate Bill 1298: The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2016 (IDEA) is an act that intends to provide free appropriate public education to children with disabilities
• Senate Bill 1298: The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2016 (IDEA) ensures that free appropriate education that emphasizes special education and other related services will be available for all the children with disabilities
• Senate Bill 1298: The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2016 (IDEA) guarantees that there will be qualified teachers and professionals available to meet the needs of these children