genbio

• Sexual reproduction is the formation of offspring from the fusion of gametes.
• Fusion is called fertilization.
• Meiosis is the process that makes these sex cell or gametes.
• Asexual reproduction is the formation of offspring without the use of gametes; it involves only one parent.
• Many simple animals and plants use mitosis to produce new cells rapidly. This asexual division is called binary fission.
• Budding is another form of sexual reproduction resulting from mitosis.
• Non-vascular plants - wasps, aphids, sponges, corals, lizards.
• Parthenogenesis - the development of an unfertilized egg into an individual.
• Perennating organs - bulbs and rhizomes
• Phenotype - identical in appearance
• Genotype - identical in genetic make-up
• Variation is the basis of natural selection
• Plant nutrition refers to the absoree chemical of chemical compounds for the growth and metabolism of plants.
• Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen - major constituents of organic plant material; assimilation of oxidation-reduction reactions
• Boron - Cell wall synthesis; enzymatic reactions and metabolic pathways, mitotic activity for root development
• Calcium - a structural component of the cell wall and cell membrane; counter-ion in the vacuole
• Chlorine - water-splitting system for photosystem II; stomatal opening regulation
• Copper - Co-factor for metalloproteins and enzymes, photosynthetic electron transport, cell wall metabolism and hormone signaling, oxidative stress response
• Iron - Regulatory component of proteins and metabolites in roots and leaves
• Magnesium - Chlorophyll synthesis; co-factor in activation of ATPase
• Manganese - Photodestruction of chlorophyll and chloroplast structure, enzyme activator precursor of amino acid, hormones (auxins), and ilgnins
• Molybdenum - enzyme activation and chlorophyll synthesis
• Nitrogen - general plant growth of roots, stem, leaf, flowers, and fruits: chlorophyll synthesis
• Phosphorus - energy transferring process for photosynthesis and respiration
• Potassium - cell extension and stomach regulation, enzyme activation, photosynthetic activity
• Sulfur - Assimilation of oxidation-reduction reactions, participates in various enzymatic processes
• Zinc - enzymatic function and reactivity, stem elongation; protein and starch synthesis
• Calcium - component of bone and teeth, involved in blood clotting, muscle, and nerve function
• Copper - component of enzymes involved in the synthesis of melanin, hemoglobin, and iron metabolism
• Fluorine - maintenance of bone and teeth
• Iodine - component of thyroid hormone
• Iron - component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes, and electron carriers
• Magnesium - muscle and nerve function, coenzyme
• Potassium - acid-base balance, water balance, and neural function
• Sodium - component of body proteins
• Zinc - components of digestive enzymes
• Adaptive mechanisms - usually utilized by plants to increase or decrease growth in organs that directly or indirectly participates in nutrient acquisition.
• Zigzag model - it represents the plant immune system in which the microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMP) by the pattern recognition of host cell results in MAMP-triggered immunity
• Genome editing - it is a promising technology since the gene of interest may be deleted, mutated, or integrated depending on the target trait
• Sensory neurons are responsible for receiving the external stimuli and internal conditions