week 9

• Recent research on diet has shown that half of global deaths are related to over or under consuming which type of foods
• Most of the deaths are related to too much sodium intake, lack of whole grains, and lack of fruit
• Risk behaviors for NCDs

  • Dietary risks (high in sodium)
  • Tobacco smoking
  • Alcohol use
  • Low physical activity
• All of these risk factors account for the most DALYs
• Inactivity


  More prevalent in higher-income countries
• There is no agreement about what constitutes healthy/safe drinking across countries
• Healthy drinking guidelines


  • UK: men and women should stick to no more than 14 units of alcohol per week
  • Australia: healthy men and women should not drink more than 2 standard drinks on any day
  • US: moderate alcohol consumption is defined of having 1 drink per day for women, 2 drink per day for men
• Top cause of tobacco-related deaths is lung cancer (70%)
• Other tobacco-related deaths


  • 42% are respiratory
  • 10% are from CVD
• Key prevention strategies for tobacco use

  • Tax increases on tobacco products
  • Smoke-free indoor work places and public places
  • Health information and warnings
  • Ban advertising, promotion and sponsorship of tobacco
• Key prevention strategies for alcohol abuse

  • Tax increases
  • Restricted access to retailed alcohol
  • Bans on alcohol advertising
• Smoking tobacco on a hookah and shisha are perceived as less harmful compared to smoking, but it is actually substantially more harmful to health
• The tobacco intervention in Poland led to 10,000 fewer deaths each year
• The tobacco intervention in Poland led to a reduction in deaths from lung cancer among men aged 20-44, a reduction in deaths from cardiovascular disease, and a reduction in low body/birth weight
• Health Belief Model


  People's health behavior depends on the likelihood of getting the illness, severity of the illness when they get it, benefits of engaging in behavior that will prevent the illness and barriers to engaging in preventative behavior, overall: self efficacy
• These concepts can be used to influence behavior change by communication through mass media and personal communication
• Key concepts in the Health Belief Model

  • Perceived susceptibility
  • Perceived seriousness
  • Perceived benefits
  • Perceived barriers
  • Self-efficacy
• Perceived threat


  Depends on perceived susceptibility and perceived seriousness
• Outcome expectations


  Depend on perceived benefits and perceived barriers
• Self-efficacy


  Depends on perceived threat and outcome expectations
• Communication promotes social change; success depends on the use of opinion leaders which makes it easier to fit with culture