Vascular Seeded Plants

• Seeded Vascular Plants are separated into TWO groups:

  Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
• Gymnosperms came before Angiosperms
• Pine Trees are apart of Gymnosperms, are conifers, and are in Phylum:

  Phylum Coniferophyta
• Phylum Coniferophyta are:

  The largest of the gymnosperm phylum
• Gymnosperm means "naked seed"
• Conifers mean:

  Cone bearing
• Most Conifers are 1.)____ and can 2.)____

  1.) Evergreens

  2.) Carry out photosynthesis all year long
• Conifers have needle-like leaves with:

  Thick cuticles and recessed stomata(not visible on leaf surface)
• All Gymnosperms are Heterosporous
• Confiners are Monoecious plants
• Monoecious is when:

  Both male and female sporangia are produced on the same plant
• Megasporangia and Microsporangia are found:


  In sperate cones
• Female (megasporangia) cones are found in 1.)____ and Male (microsporangia) cones are found in 2.)____

  1.) Upper Branches of tree

  2.) Lower Branches of cones
• Pine cones don't require water for reproduction and instead rely on wind
• Pollen cones (male strobili) consists of papery/membranous scales
• Microsporocytes (parent diploid cell) produces 1.)____ through 2.____


  1.) Microspores

  2.) Meiosis
• Microspores then become 1.)____ , also known as 2.)____

  1.) Male Gametophytes

  2.) Pollen Grain
• Pollen Grains/Male Gametophytes are:


  Haploid(n)
• Pollen Grains consist of 1.)____ and a 2.)____

  1.) Four cells

  2.) Pair of air sacs
• Air sacs have the function of 1.)____ and allows them to 2.)____

  1.) Adding buoyancy in wind

  2.) travel further
• Ovulate(female) cones are:

  Larger than pollen cones and have woody scales
• A Megasporocyte in Megasporangia goes through 1.)____ to create 2.____

  1.) Meiosis

  2.) Megaspores
• Megasporocyte usually produces FOUR megaspores yet:


  Three break down and one remains
• The remaining megaspore develops into a 1.)____ in the 2.)____

  1.) female gametophyte

  2.) archegonia
• Male Gametophytes in pine trees are:


  Pollen grains
• Pollination occurs when:

  A Pollen Tube grows once a pollen grain is delivered to the Archegonium
• Fertilization can happen in pine trees once pollination occurs
• Angiosperms are named "closed seeds" or "flowering plants"
• Traits of Angiosperms are:


  1.) Flowers

  2.) Fruit

  3.) Broad leaves (dense veins)

  4.) Ability to attract pollinators
• Flowers in angiosperms:

  1.) are reproductive structures to allow the transfer of pollen between plants

  2.) Have a stem with 4 rings of modified leaves (floral organs)

  3.) Are attached to whorls
• There are FOUR whorls in flowers
• First Whorl is:

  Sepals - basal (often green) enclosed flower before it has bloomed
• Second Whorl:

  Petals - Interior to sepals and often brightly colored
• Third Whorl:

  Androecium (collection of stamen)
• Stamen is the:

  Male fertilizing organ of a flower (supports anther where microspores are made, developing them into pollen grains)
• Fourth Whorl:

  Gynecium - Where flower female gametophytes are found (carpel)
• Carpels have THREE major regions:


  1.) Stigma

  2.) Style

  3.) Ovary
• Stigma:


  Tip of carpel, sticky for receiving pollen
• Style:

  Leads down to ovary
• Ovary:


  Swollen base that contains ovules, producing megaspores that develop into female gametophytes