BIOCHEM MIDTERM

• Enzymes are catalysts and are not consumed in reactions
• Enzymes are proteins that act as a catalyst for biochem reactions
• Human body has 1000s enzymes
• Most enzymes are globular proteins
• Simple enzymes composed only protein (amino acid chain)
• Conjugated Enzymes has nonprotein part addition to a protein part
• Apoenzymes is a protein of conjugated enzyme
• Cofactor are the non-protein part of conjugated enzymes
• Holoenzymes are biochemically activeconjugated enzyme, it is the combination of apoenzymes and cofactor entity
• Coenzymes serves as a cofactor in a conjugated enzymes
• Cofactors ae imporant for chemically reactive enzymes
• Organic molecule cofactors are also called co-enzymes or co-substrate
• Cofactors are small organic molecules and inorganic ions
• Coenzymes are derived from dietary vitamins
• Inorganic ion cofactors derived from dietary minerals
• Nomenclature is commonly named with reference to their function
• Substrate is a reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
• Substrate is the substance upon which the enzyme "acts"
• Enzymes are grouped into 6 major classes
• Oxidoreductase is oxidation-reductions
• Oxidoreductase requires a coenzymes that is oxidized or reduced as the substrate is also reduced or oxidized
• Transferase functional group transfer reactions
• Transaminases is the transfer of amino group from one molecule to another
• Kinases is the transfer of phosphate group from ATP to give ADP and phosphorylated product
• Hydrolase is the hydrolysis reaction
• Hydrolase is the central to the process of digestion
• Lyase is the ractions involving addition or removal of groups from double bonds
• Isomerase is the isomerisation of a substrate in a reaction converting it to a molecule isomeric with itself
• Ligase is the reaction involving the bonding formation of two molecules into on with ATP hydrolysis
• Dehydratse effects the removal of components of water from double bond
• Hydratase effects the addition of components of water to a double bond
• Enzyme Active Site is the small part of enzymes structure that is actually involved in catalysis
• Active Site is a 3D entity formed by groups that come from different parts of protein chains
• Substrate Complex is the intermediate reaction species that is formed when a substrate binds to the active site of an enzymes
• Active site is usually a crevice-like location in enzymes
• Active site is formed due to folding and bending of protein
• Substrate complez is needed for activity enzymes
• Lock-and-Key Model has pre-determined shape fro active site, it is fixed, rigif, and geometrical conformation
• Lock-and-Key Model only substrate specific shape and it is complementary geometry can be accomodated
• Induced-Fit Model is where the active site is not rigid and static