the eu

• integration 


  the process of coordinating the activities of different states through common institutions and policies.
• supranational


  having authority independent of national governments
• tariff 


  a tax on goods and service imported from another country
• enlargement 


  the expansion of the EU to include new member states
• unamity


  a voting arrangement in which all states must be in agreement for a proposal to be passed
• qualified majority voting


  a voting arrangement in which proposals must win a set number of votes to be approved
• economic monetary union (emu)

  the creation of a single currency, central bank and common monetary policy
• 1952 European Coal and Steel Community


  France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg
• 1958 European Economic Community formed.

  The Treaty of Rome was signed in 1957, internal tariffs were removed and a common external tariff created in 1968.
• 1973 Enlargement of the EEC


  The UK, Denmark and Ireland joined in 1973.
• Greece joined the EEC in 1981
• Spain and Portugal joined the EEC in 1986
• 1985 Single European Act agreed


  Comes into force in 1987, created a Single European Market and replaced unamity with QMV.
• 1991 Maastricht Treaty agreed


  Came into force in 1993, created the EU and set a timetable for the introduction of the EMU. It also increased intergovernmental cooperation in foreign and security policy.
• 1997 The Amsterdam Treaty signed. 


  Came into force in 1999 and established an 'area of freedom, security and justice'
• 2001 Nice Treaty agreed 


  Came into force in 2003 and created the European Security and Defense policy. It also introduced reforms ahead of enlargement.
• 1999 Economic and Monetary Union

  Eleven states abolished their national currency and adopted the 'Euro'.
• 2004 Ten states join the EU


  Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia.
• 2007 Bulgaria and Romania join the EU. In 2013 Croatia joined.
• 2007 Lisbon Treaty agreed


  grants new legal powers, allowed the EU to sign international treaties or join international organisations.
• 2009 Sovereign Debt Crisis begins. 


  Cyprus, Greece, Ireland, Spain and Portugal were bailed out of debt by the Eu and the International Monetary Fund. These member states had to increase austerity measures.
• 2015 Migrant Crisis begins.


  refugees crossing Mediterranean and Southern Europe. The Eu tackled people smuggling and relocating asylum seekers.
• 2016 UK's EU Referendum 


  The Uk leaves in 2020 and are the only member state to have done so.
• The EU's values.

  Human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, rule of law, respect for human rights.
• Eurosceptics


  someone who is critical of the extensions of supranational authority in the Eu and hostile to further integration.
• The Four Freedoms

  Goods, Services, People and Capital
• Both the UK and Denmark opted out of the EMU
• 11 states joined the EMU in 1990 and adopted the Euro.
• By 2021, 19/27 states are members of the EMU.
• The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights 2000 became legally binding under the Lisbon treaty 2009.
• All EU citizens have the right to work/reside in member states and can acquire the right to permanent residence after 5 years.
• The EU SIngle Market encompasses 450 million consumers adn is the largest in the world.
• In 2019, 3.7 million EU citizens were living in the UK, whilst only 1.3 million Uk citizens were living in the EU.
• The European Commission has the sole right to initiate draft legislation in most areas of EU activity.
• The European Commission represents the Eu on the world stage, most notably in trade negotiations.
• The President of the European Commission is nominated by the European Council and then elected by the European Parliament.
• The European Commission is the executive body of the EU, based in Brussels.
• The Council of Europe is the main decision making body of the EU, it is based in Brussels. Consists of government ministers from the 27 states.
• The presidency of the Council of Europe is held by member states for a six month period.
• The Council of Europe shares legislative power with the European Parliament