energy

• Energy is the ability to do work (or cause change). There are many different types of energy and it is conserved.
• Force is the push or pull of an object which may change its velocity.
• Gravitational energy is the energy an object possesses because of its position in a gravitational field
• electrical energy is the movement of electrons in an object
• chemical energy is energy stored in chemical bonds
• light energy is photons traveling in electromagnetic waves
• elastic energy stored as a result of deformations (eg. a stretched or compressed string)
• sound energy is energy produced by vibrating sound waves
• thermal energy is the amount of movement atomic particles have
• mechanical energy is the movement of an object or parts of an object
• kinetic energy is the energy of motion (ex. electrical, light, sound, thermal, mechanical)
• potential energy is energy of a system due to its position or state (can be stored), (ex. gravitational, chemical, elastic)
• law of conservation of energy:

  1. total amount of energy in the universe stays constant
  2. energy cannot be created or destroyed
  3. energy can be transferred and transformed
• Convection is when a fluid, such as air or a liquid, is heated and then travels away from the source. It carries the thermal energy along with it.
• Hot water gives thermal energy to the area above, causing the temperature to go up. The particles will bounce of each other farther, causing the particles to expand and the density to go down. "cold water" then takes its place after it rises.
• In conduction, the particles transfers heat, but in convection, the particles themselves move.
• A temperature gradient exists when kinetic energy is unevenly distributed in a system. Part of the system would have a higher temperature than another. However, because particles are in physical contact with each other, the kinetic energy can be transferred from the higher kinetic energy area to the lower kinetic energy area. As a result, energy will be evenly distributed within the system, This also applies to systems that are in physical contact with each other.
• Radiation is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves, not matter. Therefore, this is the only type of heat transfer that can happen in space.
• the trough and crest of wavelength have the most kinetic energy
• the wavelength can be measure from crest to crest, trough to trough, or resting position to resting position
• electricity is the movement of charged particles
• 3 types of particles that generate electricity are protons, electrons, and ions
• a conductor allows electrical charge to flow freely, electrons can move from atom to atoms (eg. metals)
• An insulator doesn't allow electrical charge to flow freely. They have a strong hold on electrons (eg. wood and plastic).
• current electricity is when electrons flow from atom to atom in conductors in a closed circuit
• an electric circuit is a path for transmitting electrical currents
• cells/battery does not produce electrons, rather, it puts energy on electrons
• Cathode is a plate that is positively charged. since electrons are negatively charged, they are attracted by the cathode.
• electrons flow from the negative anode to the positive cathode
• lightbulbs uses the energy on the electrons. it doesn't consume the electrons
• electrons exist in all atoms and are in the entire circuit waiting to be moved
• anode is a plate that is negatively charged. Since electrons are negatively charged, they are repelled by the anode
• current is the flow of electrons in a circuit (Ampere)
• voltage is the electric energy per unit charge (proton/electrin)(volt)
• Coulomb is the unit of electric charge (electric charge is carried by protons and electrons)
• a series is a circuit that provides only one pathway for current to flow.
• a parallel is a circuit that provides multiple pathways for current to flow.
• electrons passing identical light bulbs in a series circuit should be the same. when the electrons pass by, only energy is lost, not electrons.
• in a parallel circuit, the electrical current splits in half at each intersection because there are two paths. Then when the reach the same path, they combine to create the original electrical current.
• voltage in a series circuit will be split evenly between two bulbs because there is only one pathway for electrons to flow, so the voltage is split evenly between the two identical bulbs.