HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL

• Define Hydrometeorological Hazards

  Processes or phenomena of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage
• Hydrometeorological Hazards


  • Typhoon
  • Thunderstorm
  • Flashflood
  • Stormsurge
  • El Nino
  • La Nina
• The Philippines being located in the Southeast Asia is considered very vulnerable to natural hazards and disasters, which include typhoons, earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and fires that affect the country and its inhabitants
• Surrounding the Pacific Ocean basin is a circular arm of active volcanoes known as the "Pacific Ring of Fire" in which most of the volcanoes in the Philippines are part of
• Continental plate activities around this area result to volcanic eruptions and tsunamis in the country
• National Disaster Management Plan of 2016

  Stated that hydrometeorological is a process or phenomenon of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage
• Hydrometeorological conditions lead to other hazards such as landslides, fires, plagues, epidemics and in transport and dispersal of toxic substances and volcanic eruption material
• Tropical cyclone


  Also called typhoon or hurricane, an intense circular storm that originates over warm tropical oceans and is characterized by low atmospheric pressure, high winds, and heavy rain
• Weather forecast


  A scientific estimate of future weather condition, wherein a weather condition is a state of the atmosphere at a given time expressed in terms of the most significant variables
• In the Philippines, cloudiness, rainfall and wind are the weather parameters with significant variation, and therefore of interest to the forecast users
• How is a Weather Forecast Made?

  1. Observation

  2. Collection and Transmission of Weather Data

  3. Plotting of Weather Data

  4. Analysis of Weather Maps, Satellite and Radar Imageries and Other Data

  5. Formulation of the Forecast
• Isobaric analysis


  Analyzing weather data on surface (MSL) charts by interconnecting points of the same atmospheric pressure
• Streamline analysis


  Analyzing weather data on upper air charts
• Thunderstorm


  A powerful, short-lived weather disturbance, almost always associated with lightning, thunder, dense clouds, heavy rain or hail, and fast, roaring winds
• Thunderstorm forms through 3 stages

  1. Cumulus Stage

  2. Mature Stage

  3. Dissipating Stage
• Types of floods


  • Inland flooding
  • Flash floods
  • River flooding
  • Coastal flooding
  • Urban flooding
• Storm surge


  The irregular sea-level rise during tropical cyclone or "bagyo" that occurs when the tropical cyclone reaches the coast, powerful winds force the ocean water over the coastal low-lying areas, which can lead to flooding
• Storm Surge Warning Levels

  • PAGASA (2019). Gen11 Storm Surge Warning System.
• El Niño


  The large-scale ocean-atmosphere climate interaction linked to a periodic warming in sea surface temperatures across the central and east-central Equatorial Pacific
• La Niña


  Periods of below-average sea surface temperatures across the east-central Equatorial Pacific
• El Niño effects


  High temperature rises with a little rainfall, and extremely heavy rainfall occurs at the opposite end
• La Niña effects


  Increased numbers of tropical storms in the Pacific Ocean
• El Niño and La Niña health effects

  • Diseases related to water scarcity or shortage
  • Red Tide Blooms: Paralytic shellfish poisoning
  • Disorders associated with high temperatures
  • Contaminated water due to flooding
  • Acute gastroenteritis
  • Typhoid fever, cholera and hepatitis A
  • Disease related to wading in floodwaters contaminated with urine of infected animals, such as leptospirosis
  • Disease brought by mosquitoes, such as dengue and malaria
  • Accidents and injuries such as contusions, lacerations, fractures, electrocution
• Impacts of Hydro-meteorological Hazards

  • Effects on domestic water supply, irrigation, and electricity generation
  • Effects on agriculture
  • Effects on marine ecosystem, capture fishery, and aquaculture
  • Other environmental effects
  • Health problems
• Weather parameters of significant interest to forecast users

  • Temperature
  • Precipitation
  • Wind
• How a Weather Forecast is Made

  1. Observation

  2. Collection and Transmission of Weather Data

  3. Plotting of Weather Data

  4. Analysis of Weather Maps, Satellite and Radar Imageries and Other Data

  5. Formulation of the Forecast
• Meteorologist


  A person who forecasts weather by knowing about the existing weather condition over a large area
• Weather Map


  A forecasting tool that displays the air pressure, wind, temperature, and humidity distribution trends at various atmospheric rates
• Types of Weather Maps

  • Surface Map
  • Upper-air Maps Numerical Weather Prediction Model Output, Monitor Weather Charts
• 1st step: Observation


  1. Meteorologist forecasts weather decision through surface observations at least every three hours over land and sea, and upper air stations at least every twelve hours

  2. Meteorological satellites take pictures of the cloud imagery of the atmosphere

  3. Weather radars are used to track the position of the atmosphere within radar range

  4. A numerical weather prediction is fed to the computer which analyzes data as programmed and makes a time integration of physical equations
• 2nd step: Collection and Transmission of Weather Data

  1. Weather data are condensed into coded figures, symbols and numerals and transmitted via radiophone, teletype, facsimile machine or telephone to designated collection centers

  2. Weather satellite images are transmitted to receiving stations on the ground

  3. Radar measurements are transmitted through a local communication network to forecast centers
• 3rd step: Plotting of Weather Data

  1. Observations on land and sea are plotted on charts of surface or mean sea level, prepared four times a day. Once the coded messages have been received, they are decoded, and each set of observations is plotted over the respective areas or regions in symbols or numbers on weather charts.

  2. Observations of radiosonde, theodolite, aircraft, and satellite wind are plotted on top-level charts that are prepared twice daily
• 4th Step: Analysis of Weather Maps, Satellite and Radar Imageries and Other Data


  Current weather maps are analyzed through different weather charts: Surface (MSL) Chart, Upper Air Charts, Numerical Weather Prediction Model Output, and Monitor Weather Charts
• 5th step: Formulation of the Forecast


  Upon completion of review of all available meteorological information / data, the preparation of forecasts follows by determining the position of the various weather systems and the actual weather over a given area as accurately as the data permits