Geog- Paper 2 Case Studies

• Location factors affecting coastline

  • rock type = soft boulder clay which is easily eroded and prone to slumping when saturated
  • exposed to destructive waves from the north Sea
• Physical Processes at work

  • rapid rates of erosion of about 2m per year
  • mass movement due to slumping
• Human processes at work

  • Hard engineering on some parts of the coast such as rock groyones at Mappleton have protected some areas from erosion and collapsing cliffs which has helped maintain property prices in the village+protecting the main road running through the area
  • However groyones has starved beach material from being transported further down the coast
  • reduced beach size south of Mappleton and therefore accelerated rates of erosion resulting in some farmland being destroyed
• Upper Course Features

  • very steep
  • large boulders
  • very shallow
  • narrow
  • fast flowing
  • v-shaped valley
  • waterfall
• Middle Course features

  • less steep
  • small stones
  • becoming deeper
  • begins to widen
  • starts to slow
  • valley widens
  • meanders/oxbow lakes/flood plains
• Lower course features

  • flat
  • tiny particles-sediment
  • deep
  • very wide
  • slow
  • no valley
  • estuary(land form)
• Physical factors that caused it to flood (Boscastle)

  • located in v-shaped valley
  • heavy rainfall
  • lcoated at the confluence of two rivers
  • the ground was alr saturated from previous rainfall(antecedent conditions)
• Human Factors that caused it to flood (Boscastle)

  • Town had been built up creating impermeable surfaces
  • vegetation has removed from the slopes increasing surface runoff down the valley sides
  • the design of the bridge blocked the flow of water causing it to over flow
• Location issues (site)

  • reason why pppl choose to build London linked to its surrounding landscape
  • due it being next to thames
• Location issuse (situation)

  • london is within the UK
  • found in SE of the UK giving it a close proximity to Europe
• Loction Issue (Connectivity)

  • e.g there are many transport links to and from London such as motorways and major airports
• Two types of migration

  • internal
  • international
• Impact of migrants in London

  • increase the population
  • increase in diversity
  • many services such as restaurants/shops/places of worship now reflect the high level of diversity in many parts of london
  • population of London has become younger as migrants tend to young
  • created concentration of migrants in some areas (brixton is associated with Afro-Caribbean community)
• Changes to London (Inner city)

  • high levels of migration
  • mainly rented and council owned
  • schools under pressure from rising young population
  • high ethnicity reflected in places of worship and restaurants
  • high levels of deprivation
• Changes to London (Suburbs)

  • low levels of migration
  • mainly private owned housng
  • less pressure on services
  • mainly white middle class population
  • low levels of deprivation
• Issue of decline in London

  • some inner city areas of London in the past saw decline due in traditional industries such as the London Docklands in the East end in the 1970s/1980s
  • know as deindustrialisation resulting in high levels of deprivation such as poor health/education/high crime/outmigration
  • 1971-81 - 500,000 ppl left inner london
• Issue of growth in London

  • much of growth has been in the suburbs + rural urban fringe
  • growth of business parks/out-of-town shopping centres such as bluewater has encourgaed ppl and businesses to move out due to
  • - more open space

  - accessibility to motorways

  - cheaper land

  • known as decentralisation
• Issue of Growth in London (2)

  • some inner city areas have seen growth due to regeneration projects such as Olympic regeneration scheme in Stratford,Newham
  • ppl moving back in creating a process called gentrification
• Re-urbanisation factors

  • space
  • investment
  • gentrification
  • studentification
• Space (Re-Urbanisation)

  • increase in more available space due to brownfield sites been made available for redevelopment such as London Docklands
• Investment(Re-urbanisation)

  • creates thousands of new jobs in finance + Services
  • banks such as HSBD have their headquarters in central
• Gentrification (Re-urbanisation)

  • high income earners now prefer to live near to work rather than commute
  • move into once deprived areas in the inner city
• Studentification (Re-Urbanisation)

  • expansion of places at uni has created demand for student housing in inner cities close to the university
• Benefits of regeneration(Olympic park)

  • 50,000 new jobs to be created
  • development of new Eurostar link that would attract new businesses to the area
  • stadium to be used by West Ham generating new income on match days
  • soil that was once contaminated with chemicals has been cleaned up and re-used
  • cleaned up river lea
• Benefits of Regeneration

  • removal of electrical pylons by placing them underground and therefore removing an eyesore
  • provision of new social housing for local people after the games. Some houses from the village will be used for that
  • increase in amount of open space in the area
• Disadvantage of Regeneration

  • concern over the amount of new housing that is affordable to local people
  • jobs created isn’t not suit the need of local people
  • increase in noise pollution
  • area has become more gentrifies forcing locals out the area as house prices rise.
  • can cause resentment and tension in the area between locals + newcomers
• Sustainable transport strategies

  • Hybrid buses
  • bike
  • congestion
• Hybrid Buses

  • combined petrol engine with electric motor
  • reduces CO2 emissions and reduce level of fuel consumption (A)
  • New technology is expensive and older buses have to be replaced (D)
• Bike

  • people can hire bikes at certain points in London
  • Reduces air pollution and encourages good health (A)
  • ExpensIve to set up. Increase in accidents between cars+bikes as number of ppl on bikes increased (D)
• Congestion

  • A charge on cars entering the city centre of £11.50 in order to reduce traffic congestion and pollution in the city centre
  • traffic levels have fallen by 16% since 2002 and pollution levels have slightly fallen (A)
  • can be expensive for ppl who need to travel into the city every day especially on a low income. Tends to be parking problems just outside the zone.(D)
• BedZED

  • Bedington Zero Energy Development
  • housing estate in south London designed to be carbon neutral
  • done by:

  - building homes facing south maximising solar energy

  - providing homes with Roof gardens, rain water harvesting and waste recycling

  - making buildings from materials that store heat in cold weather and release it at warmer times

  - solar panels fitted on the roofs
• Benefits of BedZEDs

  • houses are so well insulated that there is little need for much heating
  • the residents emit 40% less carbon than average UK household
  • BedZED use 33% less water than other development of its size
  • electricity bills are reduced
• Limitation of BedZED

  • houses aren’t cheap + new tech expensive
  • the BedZED houses are in demand, valued at 15% above local prices
  • very much a local solution. not possible for many reas due to added expense
• Rural- Urban Fringe

  • where town or city meets the countryside
• Outer London fringes (Cheshunt) depend on London for:

  • for employment
  • lifestyle
  • education
  • hospital
  • consumer goods/product
• London depends on fringe places such s Cheshunt for:

  • providing a quality og life for its workers who commute in terms of cheaper and bigger
  • recreation and leisure
  • food production from farming
• Cheshunts accessibility to London (Benefits)

  • ppl living in rural areas but working in the cit’s can get higher wages
  • ppl in accessible rural areas can access services in urban areas such as hospitals
  • ppl living in cities can access rural landscapes for recreations
• Cheshunts accessibility to London (costs)

  • loss of economic activity in the city urban centre as developments such as shopping move to rural-urban fringe
  • rural locations become too expensive for local young to buy homes
  • development onto greenfield sites impact on the natural environment
• Impact of urban sprawl on rural-urban fringe

  • population-increase in population
  • housing- demand for new housing pushes up prices
  • services-demand for schools due to increase in young families moving into the area
  • open space- less open space as new development such as housing
  • traffic levels- increase in traffic,noise and air pollution
• Due to a decline in income from farming, farmers in rural areas such as Cornwall have had to diversify. Could include:

  • camp sites
  • bed+breakfast accommodation
  • horse riding clubs
  • weddings and events venues