Section C paper 1

• pre industrial Britain (pre 1780) characteristics of popular recreation

  occasional

  local/rural/natural

  basic rules due to illiteracy

  violent/male dominated - reflects society

  wagering

  communication/transport limited
• characteristics of life in pre industrial britain

  countryside/rural

  cruel, violent way of life

  class divisions

  limited free time (seasonal time)

  limited communication/transport

  widespread illiteracy

  upper class live in luxury
• feudal system


  structuring society around a relationship derived from holding of land in exchange for labour
• society reflected in sport

  mob football

  games such as mob football where male dominated, harsh and violent- due to the lack of rules because lower class were illiterate. it was only played occasionally and was played in the villages and its surrounding land.
• popular recreation

  The sport and pastimes of people in pre-industrial Britain
• athletics in pre industrial britain


  patrons were rich upper class members who hired lower class to compete for them and beat other peoples athletes.
• real tennis

  Played by the upper class - courtly and royal

  Complex rules - they could read

  played regularly - had more leisure time

  could travel to play other people

  civilised- played to a high moral code

  specialised facilities and equipment - more money
• The Industrial Revolution (1780-1900)


  from feudal, rural society to industrial, urban, capitalist society. Controlled by new powerful middle class - people who first came from rural lower class to new cities and got first jobs
• urbanisation


  more of the population being concentrated in towns and cities as opposed to living in the countryside
• Rational recreation (industrial and post 1780-1900)

  Sports pastimes for the lower classes which were designed by the middle classes to be well ordered, organised and controlled.
• rational recreation characterstics

  respectability - fairplay and non violent

  regionally/nationally/regularly played - football saturday afternoon popular

  codification - strict, complex rules were written by NGBs

  referees/officials - enforce new rules

  purpose built facilities - specially constructed grounds near large populations to draw spectators in

  skill and tactic based - positional roles, training, fitness levels improved
• wenlock olympic games

  october 1850

  mixture of athletics, football, cricket and quoits

  logical rules

  athletes from all over country

  crown of leaves on head of winner

  promote moral, physical and intellectual improvements

  prize offered to encourage partaking
• dr william penny brookes

  The founder of the Wenlock Olympian Games in 1850. Campaigned for PE in schools.

  Held festival in 1866 at Crystal Palace with 10k spectators
• first half of 1800 - negative impact on rational recreation


  migration of lower class into urban areas seeking factory jobs meant a large loss of space for traditional mob games, lack of land for public provision

  lack of leisure time due to new machine time (long factory hours)

  lack of income - low wages - cant be spent on leisure, just the priorities

  poor health and hygiene - bad living conditions

  loss of rights - mob football banned due to danger and damages, less freedom
• second half of 1800 - positive effects on rational recreation

  health and hygiene improved - public baths/ govt acts passed

  gradual rise in wages and free time - more time for playing and practise

  development of middle class

  influence of ex public school boys

  values of athleticism

  industrial patronage - teams were set up by owners

  improvements to communications and transport - made cheaper - people can travel all over the country to attend matches as a form of entertainment. word of sport/fixtures/results/ role models could travel faster due to newspapers
• emergence of middle class

  self made individuals with empathy/concern for working class. developed leagues and competitions through mc involvement in public schools/universities/clubs/ngbs/factory and church teams

  public provision - developed parks and public baths via factory owners, church, passing of govt acts

  increased lesiure time - factory owners gave workers more time (saturday half day). more time to watch/play sport

  helped early move to professionalism. some owners even paid broken time payments to footballers
• broken time payments

  playing sport for factory team and getting paid to do so.
• transport revolution

  Movement of teams/spectators, improved access to different parts of the country meant more leagues/cups could form, cheaper train travel (less elitist), improved access to the countryside.
• improved communications

  educational provision - country more literate

  printed media - increased knowledge and awareness of sport: fixture dates, results, role models and sporting heroes appear
• british empire effect on sport

  served as a unifying force

  teachers - developed teams and taught traditional sporting values

  industrialists/factory owners - set up teams and gave workers time off to play competitive sport

  clergy - developed church teams/ missionaries took sport abroad to draw away from drinking/other behaviour

  officers in army - used sport which spread throughout empire

  diplomats - travelled the world and took sport with them
• influence of church on sport

  church promoted sport. used as a form of social control:

  civilised activity diverting people away from drinking/gambling

  provided venues/facilities to play for improving morality of working class towards sport

  increase church attendance

  clergy encouraged people to take part in rational recreation

  church set up teams, clubs and competitions (aston villa)
• development of ngbs

  - Sport was becoming increasingly popular with more widespread playing of sport.

  - More teams and clubs were forming.

  - More national and international fixtures were being organised.

  - Leagues and competitions were required for these teams to compete in.

  - Nationally agreed rules and codification for different sports were required

  set up by old public schools boys/middle class. wanted to maintain the amateur ideal and stop professionalism - could set rules to stop lower class joining in.
• NGB examples

  LTA - 1888

  FA - 1863

  RFU - 1871
• amateur code


  Playing sport for the love of it and no financial gain - Upper Class.
• PROFESSIONAL CODE


  playing sport for financial gain
• amateurism (late 19th century)


  associated with sport during 19th century

  values included: manliness, robustness and physical endeavour

  appreciates value of health and fitness

  appreciates the rules

  high moral integrity
• gentleman amateur (1850-1900)


  respected member of society with public school background

  social elite

  participation = character building

  play range of sports

  playing sport to a high moral code (immediately accepting rules/referees not deemed necessary as amateurs are civilised enough by themselves)
• Corinthian casual football club


  amateur team but played big clubs. founded in 1882. player pool for England. 9 Corinthians in England Team for a period in time. 86 Corinthians have played for England

  popularised football globally during their tour all whilst promoting sportsmanship and fairplay
• features of a 19th century gentleman amateur

  held a higher status than professionals

  code of amateurism based on playing to clearly set rules

  adhered to code of ethics (fairplay)

  social elite

  participation > winning

  all rounder (many sports) held in high regard

  amateurs were the elite performers.

  the new middle class copied upper class cultural values
• professionalism


  developed towards the end of 19th century

  as demand for spectator sports increased as working class had increased free time and money but...

  working class still couldnt afford to play it which lead to working class professionalism - this was perceived as corruptible (purposefully lose a game as a bribe for money)

  early professionals in races were paid on position

  specialised training began so performers could improve and become the best - winning most important

  gamesmanship and foulplay were used to gain an advantage and the referee was often challenged

  good for financial gain and climbing the social hierarchy.
• features of early 20th century amateur


  maintained their prominence in sport in several ways

  had top positions in NGBs

  still the best performers - middle and upper class amateurs

  played with high morality - for the love of the game

  sportsmanship still present

  high status within sport and society

  middle and upper class - controllers of sport
• modern day amateur


  society slowly more equal, achievements based on merit and not social class

  amateurs hold a lower status than professionals

  some high level performers such as gymnasts are still not professionals

  participation and performance at top level of sports is open to most people now

  some amateurs receive finance to pay for training expenses
• positive's of modern day amateurism

  codes of amateurism still evident eg fair play and sportsmanship

  viewed positively and promoted to shake hands before game and after

  Rugby Union still have codes of conduct based on amateur principles - calling the referee sir.
• modern day professional

  all classes can compete, social class is not a barrier - more social mobility

  talent and effort is respected

  high reward for professionals

  professionals have more time to train, standards of performance increase (paid to play)

  celebrity status/fame (media endorsement/sponsorship)

  positive role models = motivation to younger children

  sport has become a commercial success

  more spectators can attend matches as travel is cheaper and easier
• Gamesmanship


  The use of dubious methods, that are not outside the rules, to gain an advantage
• Association football (mid 19th century to present day)


  urbanisation - alot of people in same place at once = large audience for football. lack of space meant purpose built facilities were made for it

  more free time and leisure for sport. Saturday @ 3pm = football

  more disposable income = improved standards of living meant working class could go to games and travel for national fixtures

  improved transport = fans can now travel to away fixtures, matches are now more regular. FA Cup - 1871/72 season

  Increased professionalism - opportunities to play football professionally gradually increased through broken time payments (professional football first recognised by FA in 1885)

  social class links - middle class influence and approval of association football gave it more respectability with an emphasis on high morality and sporting etiquette but was changed quickly to 'the peoples game'

  increased organisation - high structured and standardised when ex public school boys set up the FA in 1863. Codification lead to less violence, more civilised behaviour and referees.
• football and commercilisation

  BBC began live coverage of sports in 1927.

  max wage was abolished of £4 a week

  bosman ruling- players at end of contract could move in EU to another club without a transfer fee (freedom of movement)
• lawn tennis

  middle class invention, affordable alternation to real tennis but working class still excluded. vulcanisation meant balls were bouncier - could be played on grass in gardens. rules were made and specialist equipment was used

  women were initially excluded until 1884. positive female role models inspired participation. could play in seclusion of gardens. dressed modestly - all the way up to neck. not expected to sweat

  Wimbledon = All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis club (1877)
• modern day tennis


  numerous competitions around the world

  men and women paid the same

  hit net - say sorry

  retractable roofs

  middle class

  developed later than other sports

  strict dress codes

  1968 - mens winner =£2000

  womens winner = £750

  today men and women get equal +£1,750,000
• Shamateurism


  The blurring of the distinction between amateurs and professionals as a result of the commercialisation of sport, resulting in a compromise in the ethics associated with an amateur.

  rumours of amateurs taking money illegally