Biology 4qt Final Examination

• Endocrine system


  Consists of glands that make hormones (chemical messengers)
• Types of endocrine gland

  • Endocrine/ductless gland - releases secretions directly into bloodstream
  • Exocrine gland - releases secretions through ducts
• Endocrine glands


  • Pituitary gland
  • Pineal gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid gland
  • Thymus gland
  • Pancreas
  • Adrenal glands
  • Ovaries
  • Testes
• Pituitary gland


  Master gland that controls release of other hormones
• Hormones secreted by anterior pituitary gland

  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • Prolactin
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
• Hormones secreted by posterior pituitary gland

  • Oxytocin
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
• Pineal gland


  Secretes melatonin hormone for sleeping and breeding
• Hormones secreted by thyroid gland

  • Triiodothyronine (T3)
  • Thyroxine (T4)
  • Calcitonin - lowers blood calcium level
• Parathyroid gland


  Secretes parathormone to raise blood calcium level
• Thymus gland


  Controls the antibodies
• Hormones secreted by pancreas

  • Insulin by Beta cells - controls blood glucose level
  • Glucagon by Alpha cells - controls glycogen
  • Somatostatin by Delta cells - inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon
• Hormones secreted by adrenal cortex

  • Glucocorticoids (cortisol) - stress hormone
  • Mineralocorticoids - balance of sodium and potassium
• Hormones secreted by adrenal medulla

  • Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
  • Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) - fight-or-flight hormones
• Hormones secreted by ovaries

  • Estrogen - development of female secondary sex characteristics
  • Progesterone - development of mammary glands; completes preparation for pregnancy
• Testes


  Secretes testosterone hormone for development of male secondary sex characteristics; regulates sperm and development formation
• Plant hormones


  • Auxin - master growth regulator; cell elongation
  • Cytokinin - cell division hormone; mitosis
  • Abscisic Acid - dormancy and stress hormone; Inhibits the effect of other hormones and the growth of buds; Regulates closing of the stomata
  • Gibberellic Acid - Promotes stem elongation and enzyme production in germinating seeds
  • Ethylene - senescence hormone; ripening
  • Brassinosteroids - steroid hormone; mimic
  • Oligosaccharides - Affects the signal defense responses of plants; fight-or-flight hormone of plants
• Circulatory system


  Also known as cardiovascular system; responsible for transporting materials throughout the entire body; transports nutrients, water, and oxygen
• Types of circulatory system

  • Open circulatory system - primarily found in invertebrates; fluid called hemolymph; blood flow is slow
  • Closed circulatory system - primarily found in vertebrates; fluid called blood; blood flow is rapid
• Components of circulatory system

  • Heart
  • Blood
  • Blood vessels
  • Valves
• Heart


  Pumps blood to all parts of the body; 60 to 100 beats per minute; 4 chambers - left and right atrium, left and right ventricle; enclosed by pericardium (epicardium, myocardium, endocardium)
• Blood


  Internal circulating medium of the human body; 55% plasma, 45% blood cells, 1% wbc and platelets
• Blood cells


  • RBC/Erythrocytes - carries oxygen
  • WBC/Leukocytes - defend the body against infection
  • Platelets/Thrombocytes - help to stop bleeding
• Types of blood vessels

  • Arteries - carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (aorta, artery, arterioles)
  • Veins - carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart (vena cava, veins, venules)
  • Capillaries - network of tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins
• Valves


  Flaps of tissue that prevent backward flow of blood; control blood flow from atria to ventricles and out of ventricles
• Heart route


  1. Blood enters heart through inferior and superior vena cava into right atrium

  2. Flows through tricuspid valve into right ventricle

  3. Pumped through pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery to lungs

  4. Oxygenated blood returns from lungs to left atrium

  5. Flows through mitral valve into left ventricle

  6. Pumped through aortic valve into aorta to body
• Plant vascular tissues


  • Xylem - one way; transports water and dissolved minerals; tracheids are supporting organ
  • Phloem - two way; transports water and food (glucose); sieve tubes are supporting organ
• Taxonomy


  Process of naming and classifying things like animals and plants into groups based on similarities and differences
• Aristotle was the first person to identify species
• Carl Linnaeus


  Father of taxonomy or founder of modern taxonomy; established hierarchy of 7 levels; founder of binomial nomenclature
• Carl Woese


  Introduced the domain, which is the highest level in modern taxonomy
• Levels of classification

  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum/Division
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
• Domains

  • Archaea - extremophiles; prokaryotes
  • Bacteria - prokaryotes/unicellular
  • Eukaryota - eukaryotes/multicellular (animals, plants, fungi)
• Kingdoms

  • Archaea or Archaebacteria
  • Bacteria or Eubacteria
  • Protista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
• Autotrophic


  Can produce their own food (e.g. plants)
• Heterotrophic


  Can't produce own foods, rely on plants (e.g. humans, animals, fungi)
• The heart has four chambers - two atria and two ventricles.