Foreign Policy 1&2

• Foreign policy


  The strategy or approach chosen by the national government to achieve its goals in its relations and external entities
• Foreign policy


  The sum of decisions made on behalf of a given political unit (usually a state) entailing the implementation of goals with direct reference to its external environment
• Foreign policy inputs


  • Many factors that influence decision-making
• Foreign policy outputs


  • Observable state (and non-state) behavior within the international system
• Foreign policy


  Set of actions or rules governing the actions of an independent political authority deployed in the international environment
• Foreign policy


  The policy of a state towards external factors especially other states
• Foreign policy


  The totality of a country's policies toward and interactions with the environment beyond its borders
• Foreign policy


  The totality whereby state actors act, react and interact
• Foreign policy


  Boundary activity at the interface between the domestic and the external spheres, more porous as a result of globalization
• International relations


  An academic discipline that focuses on the study of interaction of the actors within the international system
• Role conception


  The perceptions of foreign policy makers on their nations' position in the international system, national interests and the key principles that allow it to defend them
• Role conceptions remain consistent and stable over extended time periods and therefore, feed into the continuity of behaviors on foreign policy, they are useful in understanding and explaining patterns of foreign policy actions of a particular state
• Role conceptions are valuable in understanding idiosyncrasies that might seem like a diversion from what seems to be an obvious, rational decision to a particular foreign policy situation
• Power


  The influence and control exercised by one nation over others
• Power


  Means used and goal sought by states in political, military, economic, and social competition with each other
• Every state is not motivated by considerations of power, the ones relating to enhancing or defending the national interest are deeply involved in power politics and decision makers engaged in the exercise and pursuit of power to develop and implement foreign policy
• International relations


  Discussed within the context of being capable, and/or possession or as a relationship
• International relations


  A psychological relation between those who exercise it and those over whom it is exercised
• Two-level games

  International negotiations can be usefully conceived as a two-level game: at the national level, domestic groups pursue their interest by pressuring the government to adopt favorable policies and politicians seek power by constructing coalitions among those groups
• Foreign policy behavior


  The execution of foreign policy decision to influence the behavior of an external actor to secure interests of the agent
• Foreign policy behavior includes behavior that are accidental or unintended by the government and in addition, decisions to do nothing may not leave any behavioral artifact, thus there is slippage between the concept of foreign policy and the concept of foreign policy behavior
• National interest

  An analytical tool, identifying the goals or objectives of foreign policy, and an all-embracing concept of political discourse used specifically to justify particular policy preferences
• National interest


  Refers to basic determinants that guide state policy about external environment
• Reason d'etat (Reason of State)


  The ultimate reason or purpose for someone or something's existence
• Reason d'etat (Reason of State)


  For the state, it represents the goals of the country, the most important of which is to survive in the international system
• Globalization


  Process whereby state-centric agencies, terms of reference and the state's ability to control the international processes are limited in favor of interaction and integration between different actors
• Globalization creates erosion of state control on free movement of goods, intangible social and cultural values and products cross state borders suffering minimum state interference and control
• The pace of globalization occurs due to the speed technological leaps that creates impact on the norms values and behavior of the society
• Waltz's 3 images of international relations

  • 1st: International behavior (manifested as foreign policy) in human nature
  • 2nd: Organizations and structures of the state and struggles among domestic actors
  • 3rd: In the structure of the international system, relationships among states and group of states, alliances, etc.
• Waltz's 3 images essentially underrated the exploratory power of the first and second images and concentrated on the third as the main level of analysis to understand causes of war and international relations as such, as it focused on the systematic sources making Waltz's argument structural
• Foreign Corrupt Practices Act


  One of the most powerful and effective transnational anticorruption laws in the world
• Foreign policy involves goals, strategies, measure, methods, guidelines, directives, understanding, agreements and so on by which national governments conduct international relations with each other and with international organizations and non-governmental actors
• Foreign policy (Philippines)


  Defines and formulates the goals of the national interest and tries to secure these through the exercise of national power in international relations
• Foreign policy (Philippines)

  Designed to help protect a country's national interest, security, ideological goal and economic prosperity
• A successful foreign policy enhances a nation's power and prestige among other nations as well as it increases a government's credibility both internally and externally
• Objectives of foreign policy

  • Protect the territorial integrity of a country thereby protecting the interests of its citizens both within and outside the country
  • Maintenance of relations with other countries of international community and the adaptation of policy of conflict or cooperation towards them with a view to promote its own interests
  • Improving the living standard of its people by ensuring preservation, security, and welfare of its citizens
  • Promotion of economic interest of the country
  • The enhancement of the influence of the state either by expanding its area of influence or by reducing the position of dependency of the other states
  • Preservation of state's independence so that it can take independent decisions both in the internal as well as external matters
• There are five permanent members (P-5) with veto power in the Security Council: China, France, Russia, UK, USA
• The United Nations was founded on October 24, 1945.
• The UN Charter is the founding document of the organization.
• Security Council is responsible for maintaining peace and security throughout the world