Memory

• Memory is the ability to store and retrieve information over time.
• Cognition is the processes of acquiring and using knowledge.
• Explicit Memory refers to the knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered.
• Implicit Memory refers to the knowledge that we cannot consciously access but influences our behavior.
• Sensory Memory is the brief storage of sensory information.
• Short-Term Memory is the place where small amounts of information can be temporarily kept for more than a few seconds but usually for less than one minute.
• Long-Term Memory is the memory storage that can hold information for days, months, and years.
• Episodic Memory refers to the firsthand experiences that we have had.
• Semantic Memory refers to our knowledge of facts and concepts about the world.
• Procedural Memory often refers to unexplainable knowledge of how to do things.
• Classical Conditioning Effects: We learn, often without effort or awareness, to associate neutral stimuli with another stimulus, creating a naturally occurring response.
• Priming refers to the changes in behavior as a result of experiences that have happened frequently or recently.
• Iconic Memory refers to visual sensory memory or an immediate, brief memory of a visual image that lasts no more than half a second.
• Echoic Memory is the ultra-short-term memory for things you hear, and part of auditory sensory memory, storing information from the sounds you hear.
• Eidetic Imagery refers to the ability to remember an image in detail, clarity, and accuracy over long periods of time.
• Working Memory is the processes that we use to make sense of, interpret, and store information in STM. It's a skill that allows us to work with information without losing track of what we're doing.
• Central Executive refers to the part of working memory that directs attention and processing.
• Maintenance Rehearsal is the process of repeating information mentally or out loud with the goal of keeping it in memory.
• Chunking refers to the process of organizing information into smaller groupings (chunks), thereby increasing the number of items that can be held in STM.
• Encoding is the process by which we place the things that we experience into memory.
• Elaborative Encoding: We process new information in ways that make it more relevant or meaningful.
• Spacing Effect: Learning is better when the same amount of study is spread out over periods of time than it is when it occurs closer together or at the same time. By repeating and spacing out information individuals learn, they can better recall that information in the future.
• Distributed Practice refers to the practice that is spread out over time.
• Massed Practice refers to the practice that comes in one block.
• Distracting Task is a task that takes your attention away from the information you're trying to remember, causing it to be forgotten quickly.
• Recall Memory Test is a measure of explicit memory that involves bringing from memory information that has previously been remembered.
• Recognition: Determining which item from a list seems most correct.
• Relearning: Measures how much more quickly information is processed or learned when it is studied again after it has already been learned but then forgotten.
• Neural Plasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life.
• Hermann Ebbinghaus: A pioneer of the study of memory.
• Misinformations led people to incorrectly remember everything from small but crucial details.
• Some memory errors are so “large” that they almost belong in a class of their own: false memories.
• Heuristics refers to which are information processing strategies that are useful in many cases but may lead to errors when misapplied.
• Eyewitness testimony is what happens when a person witnesses a crime and later gets up on the stand and recalls for the court all the details of the witnessed event.
• Memory Bias is a cognitive bias that either enhances or impairs the recall of a memory
• Counterfactual Thinking is the tendency to think about and experience events according to “what might have been”.
• The period of time in which LTP occurs and in which memories are stored is called Period of consolidation.
• Retrieval refers to the process of reactivating information that has been stored in memory.
• Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, in which we are certain that we know something that we are trying to recall but cannot quite come up with it.
• Context-dependent learning refers to an increase in retrieval when the external situation in which information is learned matches the situation in which it is remembered.