PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACID

• Proteins


  Fundamental building blocks of our body that provides strength to our body in producing hormones, enzyme, and other metabolic chemicals
• Elements of proteins

  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen
• Monomer of proteins

  Amino Acids
• Functions of proteins

  • Control rates of reactions (enzymes)
  • Form muscles
  • Help fight diseases (antibodies)
  • Cell transport (hemoglobin)
• Our body cannot synthesize our own essential amino acids, we should have plenty of protein foods in our everyday diet to keep our body metabolisms stable
• Protein foods


  • Pulses: beans, lentils, peas
  • Eggs
  • Milk and milk preparations
  • Meat
  • Fish
• Amino Acids

  • Joined by peptide bonds to form proteins
  • Differ in number and order to form different proteins
  • Interact to give a protein its specific shape and function
• Amino Acid types

  • 20
• Fibrous proteins


  Contain polypeptide chains organized approximately in parallel along a single axis, producing long fibers or large sheets
• Globular proteins


  Proteins are polymers of amino acids that are joined by peptides bond, then folded in a proper way to make a functional unit. The sequence of amino acids determines the final structure (shape) of a protein
• Protein functions


  • Enzymes
  • Hormones
  • Antibody
  • Energy
• Nucleic Acid


  A linear polymer of nucleotides which form an integral part of the information transfer system in cells
• Elements of Nucleic Acid

  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphorus
• Polymer of Nucleic Acid

  DNA and RNA
• Functions of Nucleic Acid

  • Stores the genetic code
  • Transmit hereditary information
• Functions of Nucleotides


  • DNA is the genetic material carrying hereditary information
  • RNA is produced during transcription and contains the code for the synthesis of proteins
  • DNA controls cell metabolism along with differentiation and development of an organism
• Protein structure is determined by primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.
• The amino acid sequence determines the shape, function, and properties of proteins.
• Primary protein structure refers to the linear arrangement of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
• Primary Structure refers to the linear arrangement of amino acids linked together through peptide bonds.
• Secondary Structure involves the folding or coiling of polypeptide chains into specific shapes such as alpha-helices and beta-sheets.
• Secondary protein structure involves hydrogen bonds between peptide groups that form alpha-helices or beta sheets.
• Tertiary protein structure describes how the three-dimensional folding of the polypeptide chain occurs due to interactions among side chains.
• Tertiary Structure describes how multiple polypeptide chains interact with one another to form complex protein molecules.
• Amino Acid - The building blocks of proteins
• Proteins are macromolecules made up of long chains of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.
• Quaternary protein structure is when multiple polypeptides come together to form one functional unit.
• Quaternary Structure occurs when two or more polypeptide chains come together to form larger functional units called oligomers.
• Quaternary Protein Structure refers to the spatial relationship between multiple polypeptide chains that make up a functional protein complex.
• Polypeptide Chain - A long chain of amino acid residues joined by peptide bonds
• The tertiary structure of a protein refers to the overall three-dimensional conformation of the entire polypeptide chain, determined by intramolecular forces such as van der Waals interactions, hydrophobic effects, electrostatic interactions, disulfide bridges, and hydrogen bonding.