gec 5

• Language register


  The appropriate language used when speaking in various social situations
• Language register


  • Determines the vocabulary and language structure to be used
  • Varies depending on social occasion, purpose, and audience
• Levels of language register


  • Formal register
  • Informal register
• Formal register


  Used in formal speaking and writing situations
• Formal register


  • Characterized by archaic expressions, technical jargons, embedded structures, passive voice, and longer sentences with complex vocabulary
• Legalese language falls in the formal register category
• Appropriate language register depends upon the audience, the topic, purpose and location to determine the degree of formality
• Informal Register


  More casual in tone, and most appropriate for people with whom you have established a more personal relationship as in the case of friends and relatives
• Informal register may sometimes be emotional as an intimate relationship exists between speaker and listener or writer and reader
• Informal Register

  - Textese language or the sms language (short Messaging system) Use of abbreviations, extra punctuations, acronyms, slang words and expression with no definite structure, since messages have limited number of characters/spaces to make texting much easier and quicker
• Levels of register


  • Formal Register
  • Static Register
  • Casual Register
  • Intimate Register
• Static Register


  This style of register RARELY or NEVER changes. It is "Frozen" in time and content, e.g. the pledge of Allegiance, the Lord's Prayer, the Preamble to the US constitution, the Alma Mater, a bibliographic reference, laws.
• Formal Register


  This language is used in formal settings and is one-way in nature. This use of language usually follows a commonly accepted format. A common format for this register are speeches, e.g. sermons, rhetorical statements and questions, speeches, pronouncements made by judges, announcements.
• Consultative Register


  This is a standard form of Communication. Users engage in a mutually accepted structure of communications. It is formal and societal expectations that accompany the users of this speech. It is professional discourse, e.g. when strangers meet, communication between a boss and an employee, doctor and patient, lawyer and client, lawyer and judge, teacher and student, counselor and client, and the like.
• Casual Register


  This is informal language used by peers and friends. Slang, vulgarities and colloquialisms are normal. This is "group" language. One must be a "member" of the group to engage in this register, e.g. buddies, team mates, chats and emails, blogs, and letters to friends, etc.
• Intimate Register


  This communication is private. It is reserved for close family members or intimate people, e.g. husband and wife, boyfriend and girlfriend, siblings, parents and children.
• Varieties of English


  • There are diverse and multiple Englishes around the globe known as world Englishes (WE) or varieties of English. It actually stands for the localized varieties of English based on how they are spoken or used in certain areas.
• Three Concentric Circles


  1. The Inner Circle with members countries who speak English as their Native Language (ENL)
  2. The Outer Circle with members countries who speak English as their second language (ESL)
  3. The Expanding Circle with countries who consider English as a foreign language (FL)
• Language 


  -It has system rules (grammar), a sound system ( phonology ) and vocabulary (lexicon).
• Speech Community 


  -Is a term used to describe a group of people who share the same language, speech  characteristics, and ways of interpreting communication.
• Lyons (1970)


  -Defined as “all people who use a given language or dialed”. -This definition was rather simple and general with the focus on a given language or dialect.
• Fishman (1971)


  -A speech community is a subtype of community "all of whose members share at least a single speech variety and the norms for its appropriate use. -In definition, he put forward the concept of speech variety and norms of usage which was a great step forward.
• Hymes (1986)


  -Describes a speech community as a group which rules for The conduct and interaction that of speech.
• Gumperz (1986)


  -defines a speech community as a group that has regular and frequent interaction that is characterized by shared patterns of interaction and communication.
• Language Acquisition 


  -This is the process while growing up in a community, people acquired the language used by those in yhe community.
• Mother Tongues 


  -Also referred to as “First Languages”. -The language acquired while growing up.
• Second Languages


  -People discover later on that other languages are needed for various reasons.
• Language Learning 


  -People learn their second Languages in school or on their own.
• Language Contact 


  -Result of such contact may be a new form of language.
• Language Change 


  -Result of language contact
• Dialect


  -variation of language
• Communication 


  -Is generally defined as the exchange of thoughts, ideas, concepts, and views between or among two or more people, various contexts come into play.
• Source 


  -The senter carefully craft the message. The sender may be an author, public speaker.
• Channel

  -Is the means through by which the message is conveyed. When we answer phone cal through cellphone.
• Message


  -Is the reason behind any interaction. It may shared between the sender and receiver.
• Receiver


  -Is the person who receives the transmitted message.
• Feedback 


  -In communication scenario, a feedback is essential to confirm recipient understanding.
• Environment


  -The place, the feeling, the mood, the mindset and the condition of both sender and receiver are called the environment.
• Context 


  -Involves the expectations of the sender and the receiver and the common or shared understanding through the environment signals
• Interference


  -Is also known as barrier or block that prevents effective communication to take place.