Chem Exam - L5

• Robert Whittaker - He is an American Biologist who proposed The five-kingdom classification system in 1969.
• Whittaker's Five Kingdom system:

  • Kingdom Animalia
  • Kingdom Plantae
  • Kingdom Fungi
  • Kingdom Monera
  • Kingdom Protista
• Kingdom Animalia - includes all animal species. All members of this kingdom are multicellular and have eukaryotic cells. They are also heterotrophic.
• Heterotrophic/Heterotrophs - are organisms that have to eat or consume food.
• Autotrophic/Autotrophs - Organisms that can make their own food.
• All members of the kingdom Animalia share three key traits:

  • They are multicellular organisms.
  • they are all eukaryotic, meaning their cells have membrane-enclosed organelles and a nucleus.
  • All animals are heterotrophic and must feed on other organisms to survive.
• Kingdom Plantae - They are eukaryotic, multicellular, and autotrophic organisms.
• Motile - Is the ability of an organism to move.
• Non-motile - are organisms that do not move by themselves.
• The plant kingdom comprises non-motile, multicellular eukaryotes known as autotrophs, capable of producing their own food through photosynthesis.
• Fungi - are eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophic, meaning they obtain nutrients by absorbing organic matter from their surroundings. They are mostly multicellular.
• Fungi - as eukaryotic organisms, are non-vascular, non-motile, and heterotrophic. They exist in both unicellular and filamentous forms and reproduce via spores.
• Examples of fungi are molds, yeasts, and mushrooms.
• Kingdom Monera - This kingdom consists of prokaryotic organisms, that lack a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. 
• Kingdom Monera has three sub-kingdoms:

  • Archaebacteria
  • Eubacteria
  • Cyanobacteria
• Archaebacteria - the most ancient bacteria.
• Eubacteria or "true bacteria," feature rigid cell walls made of peptidoglycans.
• Cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, exhibit photosynthetic capabilities, commonly found in aquatic environments.
• Examples of Archaebacteria:

  • Thermophiles
  • Halophiles
  • Methanogens
• Thermophiles - live in hot springs.
• Halophiles - live in salty environments.
• Methanogens - produce methane in marshy areas.​
• Protists are mostly unicellular eukaryotic organisms that do not fit into the other kingdoms. 
• Protists exhibit both autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition, engaging in symbiotic and parasitic relationships within ecosystems. 
• Locomotion is facilitated by cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia, with reproduction primarily asexual.
• Three Main groups of Protista:

  • Protozoa
  • Slime Molds
  • Algae
•  Carl Linnaeus classified organisms into two kingdoms: Plantae (plants) and Animalia (animals)