Culture

• According to Edward Tylor, "It is the complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns and shares as a member of society."


  Culture
• It is a type of culture that is tangible; modified and created by humans

  Material Culture
• It is a type of culture that is intangible. It also refers to abstract ideas.


  Non-Material Culture
• Examples of material culture are the following:

  • Artifacts
  • Food
  • Symbols
• Examples of non-material culture are the following:

  • Values
  • Attitudes
  • Beliefs
  • Laws
  • Practices
  • Norms
• Material and non-material culture are INTERRELATED. Why?


  Material culture is a MANIFESTATION of non-material culture. It means that non-material culture is justified through evidence (material culture).
• Specific examples of Material Culture correlating their Non-Material Culture:

  • school building - education
  • Malacanang Palace - democracy
  • newspaper - freedom of speech
  • hanging coffins in Sagada - burial practices
• What are the THREE components of culture?

  1. Beliefs and Values
  2. Norms
  3. Language
• It is the perception that people have about what is TRUE in the world.


  Beliefs
• Beliefs + Moral Significance is equal to what?

  Values
• These are people's ideas about what is good or bad, right or wrong.

  Values
• These are the rules of conduct that guide people's behavior in particular situations.

  Sanctions are given depending on the behavior of a person.

  Norms
• What are the FOUR types of Norms?

  • Folkways
  • Mores
  • Taboo
  • Laws
• These are norms that stem from and organize casual interaction, and that emerge out of repetition and routines.

  Folkways
• They determine what is considered moral and ethical behavior; they structure the difference between right or wrong.

  For example, premarital sex is a heavier sanction compared when violating a folkway.

  Mores
• It is a strict prohibition of behavior that society holds so strongly that violating it results in extreme disgust or expulsion from the group or society.

  For examples:

  Pigs are unclean for Muslims; cows are the holiest animals for Hindus; Incest; & Cannibalism.

  Taboo
• A norm that is formally inscribed at the state or federal level and is enforced by police or other government agents.

  Laws
• It is a set of written or verbal symbols that peope use in an agreed upon way to communicate with one another. It is also the most important component of culture.

  Language
• It is a medium, "heart of the culture," with a role of preserving culture based on written language, and to share to future generations by oral language.

  Language
• Characteristics of Culture

  • Learned
  • Shared
  • Based on symbols
  • Integrated
  • Dynamic
• What are the THREE Orientations in viewing other culture?

  • Ethnocentrism
  • Xenocentrism
  • Cultural Relativity
• It is judging other cultures on the basis of one's own (overvaluing). Examples are the Nazi Germany; women staying at home.

  Ethnocentrism
• It is undervaluing one's own culture. For example, Filipino brand cellphones have lesser quality. Additionally, native dialect is "baduy" not classy.

  Xenocentrism
• It is an orientation which indicates that all cultures must be understood in terms of their own values and beliefs, not by standards of another.

  No culture is better than any other and cultures can only be judged on whether they are meeting the needs of their own people.

  Cultural Relativity or Cultural Relativism