contraceptives

• My body my right
• Test 3= 4 MCQ long question 4
• Exam= 3 MCQ
• Slides and notes will be put on the black board
• Key Issues for Today

  • Know your body
  • Sex and Health- the biological risk
  • Hazard of female gender
  • Male gender: a mixed blessing
  • Putting sex and gender on the health care agenda
• Tanner scale in females

  1. Stage 1: After the 8th birthday, None

  2. Stage 2: From age 9–11, Breast "buds" start to form; pubic hair starts to form

  3. Stage 3: After age 12, Acne first appears; armpit hair forms; height increases at its fastest rate

  4. Stage 4: Around age 13, First period arrives

  5. Stage 5: Around age 15, Reproductive organs and genitals are fully developed
• Growth of pubic hair

  At around 12 years old, on average, females will begin to see hair growth under the arms. Pubic hair will start growing along the labia and will gradually become thicker, curlier, and cover a larger area of the vulva. In the final stages of puberty, pubic hair may grow around the top of the thighs.
• Tanner scale in males

  1. Stage 1: After the 9th or 10th birthday, None

  2. Stage 2: Around age 11, Pubic hair starts to form

  3. Stage 3: Around age 13, Voice begins to change or "crack"; muscles get larger

  4. Stage 4: Around age 14, Acne may appear; armpit hair forms

  5. Stage 5: Around age 15, Facial hair comes in
• Menarche


  The first menstrual period in a female adolescent
• Menarche typically occurs between the ages of 10 and 16, with the average age of onset being 12.4 years
• The age at menarche has fallen in industrialized countries, but that trend has stopped and may even be reversing. The average age at menarche in 1840 was 16.5 years, now it is 13 years.
• The age at menopause, however, has remained relatively constant at approximately 50 years.
• In low income countries, the age at menarche is declining rapidly (from 14.66 to 12.86 years for the 1932 and 2002 cohorts, respectively), possibly at a faster pace than high-income countries and with a strong link to socioeconomic status
• The estimated age at menopause was 51.2 (51.0-51.3) years in the logistic model and 50.5 (48.1, 53.7) years in survival analysis. In both models, the age at menopause was significantly lower among rural and underweight women. In addition, survival analysis showed that smokers and women with smaller family size had significantly lower age at menopause.
• The mean age of menopause was 48.1 +/- 5.9 years in Saudi women
• In black South African women, menopause is associated with lower bone density and strength at the distal radius, a common site of osteoporotic fracture, in addition to lower cortical density and thickness at the proximal radius.
• Stages of fat cell development

  1. Intra-uterine life

  2. Infancy

  3. Period of adipose rebound (5-7 years)

  4. Adolescent
• Sex


  Anatomical and physiological differences that defines male and female bodies
• Gender


  Socially constructed notion of muscularity and femineity
• In almost all cultured men rather than women take part in hunting and war far. Men has biological tendency towards aggression than women
• The level of aggressiveness of males varies widely between different cultures
• Women are expected to be more passive or gentle in most culture.
• Gender


  All societies divided by gender, reflected in duties and entitlements, not just differences but inequalities, socially constructed and therefore varies over space and time, impact on health of both women and men
• Gender difference are not biologically determined they are culturally produces
• Gender inequalities results because men and women are socialized into different roles.
• Gender inequality are a results of social influence
• Male character tend to play more active, adventurous roles while females are portrayed as passive, expectant and domestically oriented.
• Once a gender is assigned society expect individual to act like female or male. It is the practice of everyday life that these expectation are fulfilled and reproduced.
• Individual can choose to construct and reconstruct their bodies as they pleased – ranging from exercise, dieting, piercing, personal fashion, to plastic surgery and sex change operation.
• Technology is blurring the boundaries of our physical bodies.
• The argument goes human bodies and biology are not given but are subject to human agency and personal choice within different social contexts.
• A society in which ideas of masculinity are characterised by physical strength and tough attitudes will encourage men to cultivate a specific body image and set of mannerism.
• Gender is socially created concept which attributes differing social roles and identities to men and women
• In all society gender is a significant form of social stratification.
• There is no instances of a society in which females are more powerful than males
• Women in almost all the society bear primary responsibility for child care and domestic work while men have traditionally borne responsibility for providing the family livelihood
• More women and girls than men and boys are diagnosed with depression and anxiety
• Higher prevalence among women and girls may mean they face greater overall disability impact than men and boys
• However, men are at increase risk for substance use and abuse.
• Studies show an association between poverty and risk of depression anxiety and somatic symptoms