TOPIC 2

• Trephination


  - Treatment by cave dwellers

  included a technique, in which a stone instrument

  known as a trephine was used to remove part of the

  skull, creating an opening.
• Exorcism


  - Early Greek, Hebrew, Egyptian, and

  Chinese cultures used a treatment method, in which

  evil spirits were cast out tasting through prayer,

  magic, flogging, starvation, having the person

  ingest horrible drinks, or noisemaking.
• Hippocrates


  said that mental

  disorders were akin to physical ailments and had

  natural causes. Specifically, they arose from brain

  pathology, or head trauma/brain dysfunction or

  disease, and were also affected by heredity
• blood - which arose in the heart

  black bile - arising in the spleen

  yellow bile or choler - from the liver

  phlegm - from the brain
• Plato


  who said that the mentally ill

  were not responsible for their actions and should

  not be punished. It was the responsibility of the

  community and their families to care for them.
• Gallen


  said mental disorders had

  either physical or psychological causes, including

  fear, shock, alcoholism, head injuries, adolescence,

  and changes in menstruation.
• Contrariis Contrarius


  meaning opposite by

  opposite, and introduced contrasting stimuli to bring

  about balance in the physical and mental domains.
• Group Hysteria, or Mass Madness


  was also seen

  when large numbers of people displayed similar

  symptoms and false beliefs.
• Lycanthropy


  - This included the belief that one

  was possessed by wolves or other animals and

  imitated their behavior
• Tarantism


  - a mania in which large numbers of

  people had an uncontrollable desire to dance and

  jump
• Saint Vitus's dance


  - The latter was believed to

  have been caused by the bite of the wolf spider, now

  called the tarantula, and spread quickly from Italy to

  Germany and other parts of Europe
• Humanism


  - or the worldview that emphasizes

  human welfare and the uniqueness of the individual
• Asylums


  places of refuge for the mentally ill

  where they could receive care, began to rise during

  the 16th century as the government realized there

  were far too many people afflicted with mental

  illness to be left in private homes
• Moral Treatment Movement


  - occurred in Europe

  in the late 18th century and then in the United States

  in the early 19th century
• Mental Hygiene Movement


  - which focused on the

  physical well-being of patients
• Biological or Somatogenic Perspective

  Recall

  that Greek physicians Hippocrates and Galen said

  that mental disorders were akin to physical

  disorders and had natural causes.
• Syndromes


  - symptoms occurred regularly in

  clusters
• Deinstitutionalization


  - or the release of patients

  from mental health facilities
• Managed Health Care


  is a term used to describe a

  type of health insurance in which the insurance

  company determines the cost of services, possible

  providers, and the number of visits a subscriber can

  have within a year
• Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO)


  -

  Typically only pay for care within the network. The

  subscriber chooses a primary care physician (PCP)

  who coordinates most of their care. The PCP refers

  the subscriber to specialists or other health care

  providers as is necessary. This is the most restrictive

  option.
• Preferred Provider Organizations (PPO)


  -

  Usually pay more if the subscriber obtains care

  within the network, but if care outside the network

  is sought, they cover part of the cost.
• Point of Service (POS)


  - These plans provide the

  most flexibility and allow the subscriber to choose

  between an HMO or a PPO each time care is

  needed.