15 marker

• Conformity - Family

  can be seen in acceptance and obedience of parental authority

  Children = socialised to follow rules and expectations e.g curfews and chores
• examples of conformity in family

  girls may be socialised to engage in activities associated with femininity - dolls or helping with chores

  boys encouraged in masculine activities - sports/outdoor tasks

  conforming to gender roles maintains societal norms and expectations in family unit
• Conformity - Education

  students expected to conform to a set of knowledge and skills made essential by educational authorities

  classroom rules and discipline reinforce conformity by establishing expectations

  Educational system = socializing agent that encourages conformity to societal norms and expectations
• examples of conformity in education 


  dress codes
• Conformity - media

  through media rep certain cultural, social and gender norms are reinforced and individuals are encouraged to conform to these expectations

  stereotypes can change perceptions + create pressure to conform to particular roles or ideals

  Framing and agenda can highlight certain issues where media can create a sense of consensus or conformity around viewpoints
• examples of conformity in media

  media can conform to stereotypes and limited rep of social groups

  can involve perpetuating racial, ethnic, gender through portrayal of characters of communities

  this reinforces social bias and discrimination
• Roles - family

  Parents = primary agents of socialisation, teach children how to behave + fulfil responsibilities within society

  Through role modelling children learn social norms and values necessary for their integration
• What do roles in family provide

  children can observe and imitate behaviours, attitudes and values

  learn appropriate social behaviour and skills to function in society

  Through role models and socialisation practices children learn what is appropriate and expected of their gender = GENDER ROLES
• examples of roles in family

  division of labour in family based on gender

  men = breadwinner

  woman = caregiver/emotional support
• Roles - education

  teachers fulfil roles + essential in creating structured and supportive learning environments, provide guidance + expertise

  students roles = engage in learning, complete homework and adhere to rules and regulations
• examples of roles in education

  students assigned the roles of learners + expected to engage in process, follow rules, complete work and seek clarification when needed
• Roles - media

  role in shaping and reinforcing gender roles + stereotypes

  ads/tv promote traditional gender roles

  men = assertive / dominant

  women = nurturing / submissive

  media roles serve as a source of socialisation and role modelling

  media characters can shape viewers perception of rules, norms and behaviours
• examples of roles in media

  media producers play a significant role in shaping media representations through their creative decisions and storytelling techniques
• Imitation - family 


  young children imitate their role models (shown in Bandura's Bobo Doll)

  continue or stop their behaviour if they are rewarded or not

  Oakley argues children learn expectations of their sex through:

  MANIPULATION - parents encourage and discourage certain things

  CANALIZATION - channel children towards certain activities for their sex

  VERBAL APPELLATIONS - handsome / pretty

  DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES - girls=wash dishes / boys=wash car

  Through imitation children learn basic skills - language/behaviour
• examples of imitation in family 


  parents engagement in household chores
• Imitation - Education

  students observe + imitate teachers communicational styles, work ethic and problem solving approaches

  students imitate peers

  educational system establishes norms and rules which students are expected to imitate and conform to
• examples of imitation in education

  imitating peers or high achiever students can have both positive and negative effects on students
• Imitation - media

  media often presents celebs and influencers as role models that individuals may imitate their behaviours even though the media idealises their lifestyles in order to promote brand or products
• examples of imitation in media

  media portrayals of idealized body types and beauty standards which can lead to individuals imitating this through diets, cosmetic procedures or exercise routines
• Sanctions - family

  serve to reinforce norms and expectations ensuring individuals have socially excepted behaviours

  rewards and punishments allow children to know what actions are acceptable and what aren't

  positive sanctions - encourage repetition

  negative sanctions - discourage behaviours that go against family norms
• examples of sanctions in family

  parents may provide verbal encouragement or material rewards for children doing chores, getting good grades etc.
• Sanctions - education

  schools have rules and policies and expectations that students are expected to follow

  sanctions reinforce these norms and expectations

  through rewards and punishments students learn the appropriate behaviours
• examples of sanctions in education

  grades and academic evaluation to reward or penalize student based on performance and adherence. Grades = formal sanction that interferes with their educational progress and opportunities for future
• Sanctions - media

  play a role in socialising process by shaping behaviour and practices of media producers and content creators

  Sanctions within the media are often imposed through gatekeeping and content regulation mechanism

  monitor + sanction content
• examples of sanctions in media

  when media content is perceived as bias or offensive groups may express their discontent through protests and campaigns.