Digestion and Nutrition

• What are the four main dietary categories of animals?

  Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and saprophagous
• Saprophagous - feed on dead organic matter, decomposers
• Label the following.

  A) Gill raker

  B) Gill arch

  C) Gills

  
• Suspension feeder – sifts through food particles in the water
• Suspension feeder – sifts through food particles in the water.

  These animals possess filtering devices that strain food from water as

  it passes through them.
• herring and other suspension-feeding fishes use gill rakers

  to strain plankton
• • Baleen whales filter out plankton, mainly crustaceans called krill.

  • Filters water with a hairy fringes called a whalebone or baleen plates

  
• Deposit feeder – eats its way through dirt or sediments

  and extract partially decayed organic material (detritus)

  consumed along with the soil or sediments
• Substrate feeder – lives in or on its food source,

  eating its way through the food
• Fluid feeder – sucks nutrient-rich fluids from a living

  host and is considered a parasite
• Bulk feeder – eats relatively large pieces of food
• What is the type of digestive system wherein there's only one opening, but no anus?

  Incomplete
• Complete the following descriptions.

  A) phagocytosis

  B) lysosomal degradation

  C) gastrovascular cavity

  
• Complete the following.

  A) Pharynx

  B) pharynx

  C) Pharynx

  D) Mouth

  E) Gastrovascular cavity

  
• What is the type of digestive system wherein there's a mouth opening and then an anus?

  Complete
• What are the four main stages of food processing?

  Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
• Ingestion – the act of eating
• Digestion (Two mechanisms) – breaking food

  down into molecules small enough for the body to

  absorb
• Absorption – small molecules are taken in

  by the animal’s cells
• Elimination – undigested material passes out of

  the digestive compartment
• intracellular digestion - Where food is directly taken into the cells and digested within the cell's cytoplasm
• digestion is entirely intracellular in protozoa and sponges (digestion occurs within cells).
• in extracellular digestion, certain cells lining the lumen of alimentary canals form digestive secretions(digestive enzymes); other cells function in absorption.
• Extracellular digestion occurs in what region of the alimentary canal?

  lumen
• for arthropod and vertebrate digestion is almost

  entirely extracellular
• Radiates, turbellarian, flatworms, and ribbon worms (nemerteans) practice what type of digestion?

  intracellular, extracellular
• What is food called when it passes through the esophagus?

  Bolus
• Food is called chyme which is formed in the stomach.
• What begins the chemical digestion of proteins in the stomach?

  Pepsin
• What converts pepsinogen to pepsin?

  Hydrochloric acid
• What does the liver secrete into the gallbladder?

  Bile
• After a meal, bile is released from the gallbladder into the duodenum to breakdown fatty macromolecules.
• Liver - general function is to further process those nutrients into forms that is easier for the body to use.
• Complete the following.

  A) Endocrine

  B) blood vessels

  C) hormones

  D) exocrine

  E) pancreatic

  F) enzymes

  
• In the lumen of the duodenum, what intestinal enzyme, converts inactive trypsinogen into active trypsin in order to break down proteins?

  Membrane-bound enteropeptidase
• What does active trypsin activate in the duodenum for further breaking down of proteins?

  Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase
• Label the following.

  A) Trypsinogen

  B) Membrane-bound enteropeptidase

  C) Trypsin

  D) Procarboxypeptidase

  E) Carboxypeptidase

  F) Chymotrypsinogen

  G) Chymotrypsin

  
• Where does nutrient absorption usually occur?

  Small intestine
• In the small intestine, water-soluble nutrients, such as amino acids and sugars, enter the bloodstream
• In the small intestine, where are fats transported?

  Lymphatic system