Genetic Engineering Process (module 1)

• 1.   What is the process of making changes on the genetic code of an organism?

       Genetic engineering
• What organisms that are normally harmless but may help spread infection by transferring the genetic material from one host to another?

       Vectors
• What is the process of modifying the genes of organisms for practical purposes?

     DNA recombination

   
• What process in which a selected portion of the foreign DNA is inserted into a small circular DNA molecule found in bacteria?

  A.     Transformation
• What process wherein genetically engineered bacteriophages are introduced into the cell to create the desired recombinant DNA?

    Transduction
• What process enables the entry of foreign DNA via the pores of the host cell through significant amount of electricity?

  Electroporation
• Which process were cells are treated with polyethylene glycol to create random recombination of genes?

    Protoplast fusion
•  What process wherein the host cell is immobilized by applying a mild suction and foreign gene is then injected thus creating recombinant DNA?

  A.     Microinjection
•   What process during recombination wherein the host cell is bombarded with tungsten particles coated with foreign DNA?

  Use of particle gun
• What enzyme is used to insert the donor DNA into the vector?

  C.      DNA ligase

   
• All of the following processes involve vectors are absent, EXCEPT

  A.     Transduction
• Genetic engineering is a process of making changes on the genetic code of an organism
• DNA recombination is a process of modifying the genes of organisms for practical purposes.
• There are three methods by recombinant DNA is made. These are transformation, vectorless gene transfer, and transduction.
• Plasmids are the most useful tool in gene transformation for two reasons
• In the transformation process, a selected portion of the foreign DNA is inserted into a small, circular DNA molecule called plasmid, which is naturally found in bacteria
• The types of vectorless gene transfer include electroporation, protoplast fusion, microinjection, and use of a particle gun.
• In electroporation, temporary holes are formed in the plasma membrane of the host cell by applying a significant amount of electricity in the culture medium. This enables the entry of foreign DNA via the pores.
• In protoplast fusion, cells are treated with chemicals to initiate recombination.
• In microinjection, the host cell is immobilized by applying a mild suction with a blunt pipette
• In using a particle gun for recombination, the host cell is bombarded with tungsten particles coated with foreign DNA.
• Transduction is the process wherein genetically engineered bacteriophages-

  viruses that parasitize bacteria- are introduced into the cell to create the desired recombinant DNA.
• Restriction enzymes cut the DNA only at a specific nucleotide sequence
• an enzyme known as DNA ligase is used to insert the donor DNA into the vector.
• This process is similar to transformation, but it does not involve vectors

  VECTORLESS GENE TRANSFER
• Sticky ends are areas in the DNA where the bases are ready to be paired
• Restriction enzymes cut   the DNA only at a specific nucleotide sequence.
• Vectors are organisms that are normally harmless but may help spread infection by transferring the genetic material from one host to another
• an enzyme known as DNA ligase is used to insert the donor DNA into the vector.
• Dna replication occurs during the synthesis phase
• Protein synthesis involves the transcription of DNA into mRNA in the nucleus and the subsequent translation of mRNA into a specific sequence of amino acids to form a protein at the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. 
• 1.   What are the three methods used in recombinant DNA Technology?

           -Transformation,vectorless gene transfer, transduction
• What are the types of vectorless gene transfer?

  -Electroporation, protoplast fusion, microinjection, and use of particle gun.