Functional Groups

• Functional groups - It serves as the site of reactivity of organic

  compounds
• Isomers - molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structural or spatial arrangement of atoms
• Alcohols are organic compounds which have the

  hydroxyl (-OH) functional group

  
  

  clue : R-O-H
• Methanol is a highly versatile chemical and is widely used for industrial

  purposes

  also used as a solvent and as a raw material for the

  manufacture of formaldehyde
• Ethanol is a clear, colorless liquid and the principle ingredient in alcoholic beverages like beer, wine or brandy
• Ethers are compounds in which two hydrocarbons groups

  that can be aliphatic or aromatic are attached to one

  oxygen atom

  
  

  clue : R-O-R
• Dimethyl ether (Methoxymethane) or otherwise known as codeine is an effective pain-relieving drug, and is the primary ingredient in morphine
• Diethyl ether (Ethoxyethane) is used as a reaction or extraction solvent in the chemical, fragrance, and pharmaceutical industries
• Aldehyde - They are classes of organic compounds that

  contain a carbonyl group
• Carbonyl groups - functional group which has a carbon double bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O
• Formaldehyde - gas that forms formalin which is used

  in preserving biological specimens
• Acetaldehyde is used in the manufacture of preservatives and flavorings and occurs naturally in fruit and fruit juices.
• Benzaldehyde is used in perfumes, cosmetic products, and dyes. It is added to provide almond flavor to food products and also used as a bee repellent
• Ketones - Is an organic compound with a carboxyl group

  attached to two carbon atoms

  
  

  clue : R-C(=O)-R
• Acetone - a liquid with a sweetish odor

  clue : also known as propanone
• Carboxylic acid is also an organic compound containing one or

  more carboxylic groups. It is another organic compound with

  functional group of -COOH.

  
  

  clue : combination of a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group.
• Esters - A carboxylic acid contains the -COOH group, and in an ester the hydrogen in this group is replaced by a hydrocarbon group of some kind.

  
  

  clue : RCOOR'