TOPIC 6

• Psychophysiological Disorders


  are physical diseases that are either brought about or worsened by stress and other emotional factors

  - is also known as psychosomatic disorder

  - mainly caused by psychological and

  emotional rather than by physical and

  organic. In other words, psychological

  problems are expressed through some

  physiological pathology
• Psycho-physiologic Disorder


  -characterized by physical symptoms that are

  caused by emotional factors and involve a

  single organ system usually under

  autonomic nervous system

  - include a wide range of dysfunction in

  which strain and stress of life plays a crucial

  role
• Psycho-physiologic Cardiovascular Disorders


  Include hypertension, coronary disease, and migraines
• Psycho-physiologic Gastrointestinal Disorders


  Include peptic ulcer, colitis, and gastritis
• Psycho-physiologic Respiratory Disorders


  Include bronchial asthma, tuberculosis, and common cold
• Psycho-physiologic Skin Disorders


  Include neurodermatosis, eczema, and itching
• Psycho-physiologic Genitourinary Disorders


  Disturbances in menstruation and urination
• Psycho-physiologic Endocrine Disorders


  Include hyperthyroidism, obesity, and endocrine disorders
• Psycho-physiologic Musculoskeletal Disorders


  Include headache, arthritis, and muscle cramps
• Psycho-physiologic Disorders of Organs of Special Sense


  Include chronic conjunctivitis
• Psycho-physiologic Hemic and Lymphatic Disorders

  Disturbances in the blood and lymphatic system
• Psycho-physiologic Disorders of Other Types


  Disturbances in the nervous system where emotional factors play a crucial role, such as multiple sclerosis
• Coronary Heart Disease


  This disorder is the

  outcome of emotional stress.
• Peptic Ulcer


  The gastro intestinal system is a

  common path through which human being express

  their emotion
• Asthma


  It is a quite common respiratory disorder.
• Eczema


  It is a superficial inflammation of the skin

  characterized by redness, itching and formation of

  crusts.
• Urinary Problem


  Disorders in the urinary

  functions due to emotional conflicts come under

  this category. It is also caused due to worries,

  anxiety and emotional stresses. Bed wetting is a

  common behaviour disorders during childhood is

  caused by this disorder.
• Etiology of Psycho-physiological Disorders


  Biological Factors

  Psychosocial Factors Sociocultural factors
• Genetic Factors


  It was observed that to

  some extent specific_______ are

  responsible for this disorder- Asthma,

  ulcers, migraine and hypertension in greater

  frequencies have been reported in close

  relatives of the patients.
• Differences in Autonomic Reactivity

  This disorder is the outcome of individuals

  primary reaction tendencies to stress-

  different children reacts differently to some

  stress by developing specific types of

  physiological disorder like fever,

  indigestion, sleep disturbances etc
• Somatic Weakness


  Some studies stated

  that psychosomatic disorders occur specially

  in the weak of interior organ of the body

  which is produced usually due to heredity,

  illness and trauma
• Personality Factors


  Individuals attitude

  towards stressful situation and the coping

  pattern which he adopts are the reason in the

  development of psycho-physiological

  disorders
• Interpersonal Relationship


  Some studies

  indicate the relationship between pathogenic

  family pattern to psychophysical illness.
• Socio-cultural Factors


  Disorders vary across cultures and societies
• Headaches


  Common types include migraines and tension headaches
• Migraines and Tension Headache

  are believed to be primarily caused by stress

  as they are in response to sustained muscle

  contraction that is often exhibited by those

  under extreme stress or emotion
• Migraine headaches


  are often more severe and are explained by a

  throbbing pain localized to one side of the

  head, frequently accompanied by nausea,

  vomiting, sensitivity to light, and vertigo

  - are caused by the blood vessels in the brain

  narrowing, thus reducing the blood flow to

  various parts of the brain, followed by the

  same vessels later expanding, thus rapidly

  changing the blood flow
• Tension headaches


  are often described as a dull, constant ache

  localized to one part of the head or neck;

  however, it can co-occur in multiple places

  at one time
• Gastrointestinal


  Includes ulcers and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
• Ulcers


  painful sores in the stomach lining,

  occur when mucus from digestive juices are

  reduced, allowing digestive acids to burn a hole into

  the stomach lining
• IBS


  It is a chronic, functional disorder of the

  gastrointestinal tract
• Insomnia


  Difficulty falling or staying asleep
• Hypertension


  chronically elevated

  blood pressure, is also found to be affected by

  psychological factors. More specifically, constant

  stress, anxiety, and depression have all been found

  to impact the likelihood of a cardiac event due to

  their impact on vasoconstriction
• Relaxation Training


  essentially teaches

  individuals how to relax their muscles on command.
• Biofeedback


  is a unique psychological treatment

  in which an individual is connected to a machine

  (usually a computer) that allows for continuous

  monitoring of involuntary physiological reactions.
• Clinician-led


  The clinician will actively guide the

  patient through a relaxation monologue,

  encouraging the patient to relax muscles associated

  near the pain region (or within the entire body).
• Wild Devine (Unyte)


  is an integrative

  relaxation program that encourages the use of

  breathing techniques while simultaneously

  measuring the patient's physiological responses.
• Hypnosis


  which some argue is just an extreme

  sense of relaxation, has been effective in reducing

  pain and managing anxiety symptoms associated

  with medical procedures
• Group Therapy


  is another effective treatment

  option for individuals with psychological distress

  related to physical disorders. These groups not only

  aim to reduce the negative emotions associated with

  chronic illnesses, but they also provide support from

  other group members that are experiencing the same

  physical and psychological symptoms.
• Somatic symptom disorder


  is a form of mental illness that causes

  one or more bodily symptoms, including pain. The symptoms can involve one or more different organs

  and body systems, such as: Pain, Neurologic

  problems, Gastrointestinal complaints, Sexual

  symptom