biochem midterm

• introns - context of gene expression
• induced mutation - is due to exposure in environmental contaminants
• plasmids - has a high copy number, also used in recombinant DNA
• viruses - has microscopic morphology
• GMO/genetically modified organism - is one of the products of recombinant DNA
• ELISA - technology use for detecting anti-bodies
• pyruvate - end product of glycolysis
• cytosol - fills the gap between cell sections
• chemiosmosis - proton pumping
• kreb cycle - occurs in the matrix of mitochondria
• acetyl coenzyme A and Oxaloacetate - are the reactants in krebs cycle
• b2 - fatty acid synthesis and degredation
• b1 - glucose metabolism
• b12 - amino acid breakdown
• ethanol - product of fermentation
• gluconeogenesis - production of glucose from non-carbohydrate molecules
• glycogenolysis - glycogen digestion producing glucose directly
• phosphofructokinase - changes fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6 bi phosphate
• enolase - removes water from phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvic/PEP
• aldolase - splits fructose biphosphate and makes 2 sugars isomers
• hexokinase - 1st step in glycolysis, converts D-glucose to glucose-6-phosphate
• cori cycle - process involves the transport of lactate from muscle to tissue, to the liver, then resynthesis of glucose, and the return of glucose to muscle tissue
• digestion pathway:

  mouth-esophagus-stomach(acids)-small intestine-large intestine-anus
• DJI - duodenum, jejunum, ileum
• Transcription - the process by which the information is transferred from one strand of the DNA to RNA by the enzyme RNA Polymerase
• Translation - the process by which the RNA codes for specific proteins. It is an active process which requires energy. This energy is provided by the charged tRNA molecules.
• central dogma steps:

  • transcription
  • translation
• central dogma theory: DNA -> RNA -> Protein
• transcription rna synthesis:

  pre-initiation

  initiation

  promoter clearance

  elongation

  termination
• Pre-Initiation – RNA polymerase and cofactors bind toDNA and unwind it to create an initiation bubble.
• Initiation – begins with thebinding of RNApolymerase to the promoter in DNA
• Promoter Clearance – RNA polymerase must clearthe promoter once the first bond has been synthesized
• Elongation – one (1) DNA strand serves as thetemplate for RNA synthesis, but multiple rounds oftranscription may occur so that many copies of a genecan be produced.
• Termination – results in the release of the newlysynthesized mRNA from the elongation complex
• Introns – are intervening sequences between two exonsfound in eukaryotes. They do not directly code for proteins. Theyare removed before the mRNA forms proteins
• Exons – are the coding sequences for the amino acid sequence of the protein, Exons are present in mature mRNA after post-transcriptional modification.
• genetic code - Refers to the instructions contained in a gene that tell a cell howto make a specific protein
• genetic code characteristics:

  • Universal
  • Unambiguous
  • Redundant
• Replication – the process by which anexact copy of DNA is produced'
• transcription rna synthesis

  • pre-initiation
  • initiation
  • promoter clearance
  • elongation
  • termination