GENBIO

• What are the parts of the microscope?

  1. Eyepiece
  2. Draw Tube
  3. Body Tube
  4. Nosepiece
  5. Revolving Nosepiece
  6. Objective
  7. Stage
  8. Condenser
  9. Iris Diaphragm
  10. Mirror
  11. Foot
  12. Base
  13. Condenser Adjustment
  14. Inclination Joint
  15. Stage Clips
  16. Arm
  17. Fine Adjustment
  18. Course Adjustment

  
• Iris Diaphragm- regulates the amount of light necessary to obtain a clearer view of the object.
• Base - bottommost portion that supports the entire/lower microscope
• Pillar- part above the base that supports the other parts
• Inclination Joint- allows for tilting of the microscope for convenience of the user
• Arm/Neck- curved/slanted part which is held while carrying the microscope.
• Stage- platform where object to be examined is placed
• Stage Clips- secures the specimen to the stage
• Body Tube- attached to the arm and bears the lenses
• Draw Tube- cylindrical structure on the top of the body tube that holds the ocular lenses
• Revolving/Rotating Nosepiece- rotating disc where the objectives are attached
• Membrane Transport- movement of particles across or through a membranous barrier
• Small, Hydrophobic Molecule-

  • Permeable
  • Ex: oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen
• Small, Uncharged Polar Molecule

  • Mostly Permeable
  • Ex: water, urea, glycerol
• Large, Uncharged Polar Molecule

  • Mostly Impermeable
  • Ex: glucose, sucrose
• Ions

  • Completely Permeable
• Factors That Affect Membrane Transport:

  1. Membrane Permeability
  2. Size and Charge of Solute
  3. Transmembrane Solute Concentration
• 2 Kinds of Membrane Transport:

  1. Passive Transport
  2. Active Transport
• Passive Transport

  • Does not require the use of energy or Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
  • High conc. — Low conc.
• Active Transport

  • Requires the use of energy (ATP)
  • Low conc. — High conc.
• Simple Diffusion

  • solute molecule pass directly through the membrane
  • region of high conc. to a region of low conc.
  • Transport of SOLUTE
• Osmosis

  • solvent molecules diffuse through a semi-permeable membrane
  • Area of low conc. to an area of high conc.
  • Solvent is mostly water
  • Transport of SOLVENT
• Facilitated Diffusion

  • Area of high concentration to an area of low concentration with the aid of transport molecule
• TRANSPORT MOLECULES 

  1. Channel Proteins
  2. Gated-Channel Proteins
  3. Carrier Proteins
• Cell Membrane


  Layer that surrounds and encloses the cell
• Cell Membrane


  • Composed of two layers of phospholipids with embedded proteins
  • Separates the contents of the cell from its environment
  • A prominent structure that can be seen under a microscope
• Components of Cell Membrane

  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
  • Cholesterol
• Lipids


  • May have long chains of hydrocarbons
  • Composed of phospholipid bilayer - two layers of phospholipids
  • Phospholipid - a type of lipid with a phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tail
  • Amphipathic molecule - has a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
  • Allows cell membrane to be semi-permeable - regulates what enters and exits the cell
  • Allows cell membrane to be pliable and flexible
  • Fluid - able to flow freely
• Proteins


  • Composed of amino acid monomers
  • Integral Proteins - can be polytrophic/transmembrane or monoprotic
  • Peripheral Proteins - attached to the side of the membrane
  • Attach and detach to transmit signals and perform functions
• Integral Proteins


  • Can be polytrophic/transmembrane - span across the membrane
  • Can be monoprotic - attached to the membrane in one layer only
• Peripheral Proteins


  Attached to the side of the membrane
• Carbohydrates


  • Mostly found on the external surface
  • Glycoproteins - attached to proteins
  • Glycolipids - attached to lipids
• Cholesterol


  Embedded in the lipid bilayer
• Fluid Mosaic Model


  Model of the cell membrane created by Singer and Nicolson in 1972
• Microscope


  A compound microscope is a light microscope that has two lens system, which uses light to magnify objects
• Magnification


  Enlarging small objects not clearly seen by the naked eye
• Microscope was discovered and invented by Zacharias Janssen
• Resolution


  Increasing the amount of details one can see to distinguish separate but adjacent parts
• Parts of the Microscope

  • Ocular/eyepiece
  • Objectives
  • Illuminating parts
  • Mechanical parts
• Ocular/eyepiece


  Where one views the specimen located at the top of the microscope, has a number referring to its magnifying power