development

• Employment sector: percentage of people working in each sector of the economy.
• Primary sector: jobs that involve extracting natural materials from the land or oceans e.g. farming, fishing, mining.
• Secondary sector: jobs that involve using raw materials to make new products e.g. making cars, food, clothes.
• Tertiary sector: jobs in services or administration e.g. teachers, doctors, waiters.
• Quaternary sector: high end science and research e.g. microchips, advanced technology etc.
• Why is quaternary industry important in countries where economic development is rapid?

  • They can make large amounts of profit.
  • They provide information technology services/support for other businesses.
  • Many people have the skills to be employed in these industries.
  • Research and development from quaternary industry allows other businesses to improve.
• Birth rate: The number of live births per 1,000 people per year.
• Literacy rate: The percentage of the population that can read and write.
• Life expectancy: The average number of years a person is expected to live.
• Death rate: The number of deaths per 1000 people per year.
• GDP: the total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a given year
• Population per doctor: number of patients each doctor is responsible for on average.
• Food intake: calories eaten per day per person.
• Infant mortality: The number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1,000 live births.
• Relationship between GDP and life expectancy:

  • Invest more in health care so people afford medicine.
  • People will be able to afford food/good diet; so less likely to suffer malnutrition.
  • In high GDP countries people have good sanitation.
  • High GDP people have good water supply; so not many die from water borne diseases.
  • High GDP countries are able to pay pensions to elderly.
  • In high GDP countries education is provided about healthcare/ diet.
• Relationship between GDP and energy use:

  • High GDP are more likely to use air travel; as they travel more for business/leisure.
  • High GDP more likely to have electricity in homes/electrical gadgets (phone/washing machine) which uses more energy.
• Why HDI is a better development indicator than GDP:

  • Not based on income alone/it includes three different indicators.
  • These are life expectancy/income/literacy.
  • It can be used to directly compare countries development.
  • Values can be used to note values over time.
  • GDP is just economic, HDI is social and economic indicators.
• Sphere of influence: the area served by a particular place.

  Threshold: the minimum customers needed to make something profitable.

  Range: the distance someone is willing to travel for a good or service.
• LEDC mostly primary:

  • Farming is important as most are subsistence farmers working on the land.
  • Much work is done by hand as machinery is not affordable so primary percentage is high.
  • Decline in MEDC as raw materials are running out e.g. coal. Food is cheaper to import than farm in MEDC so percentage goes down.
• Middle income secondary:

  • As a country gets more developed machines take over on farms so people became unemployed.
  • Industry gets bigger and people work in factories and assembly.
  • Cheaper to employ people than machines so secondary sector percentage is high.
• High income tertiary:

  • In MEDC primary and manufactured goods are cheaper to buy from abroad so percentage goes down.
  • People are educated now so tertiary sector grows. Doctors/ accountants.
  • People have wealth to spend in cinemas, eat out so percentage goes further up.
• Difference in employment structure between LEDCs and MEDCs:

  Generally MEDC'S have higher percentage of people working in secondary and tertiary sectors.

  • Better education in MEDC so more tertiary jobs eg. banking etc.
  • Lack of investment in tertiary in LEDC.
  • Availability/exhaustion of natural resources in MEDCS i.e. coal in UK.
  • More technology in MEDC so less workers needed on farms.
  • Demand for services in MEDC - cinemas, restaurants etc.
• Globalisation: how the world is connected, by trade, culture, fashion, etc. The independence of countries and how they are linked.
• Why has globalisation occurred?

  • Improved transport/rapid growth in air travel has improved.
  • Movement of people and goods across the globe.
  • Growth of multinational companies/TNCs.
  • Reduced tariff barriers/free trade.
  • Cheaper labour in other countries/LEDCs.
• How does globalisation spread?

  • Faster communication - internet, email, fiber optic cables, can read news before people in that country even know about it.
  • Better transport - larger ships means more goods transported for cheaper. Cheap flights means people travel more, see more etc.
  • Increased trade - many countries have free trade agreements so countries are connected this way.
• Positive aspects of globalisation:

  • Inward investment by TNCS helps countries by providing new jobs and skills for local people.
  • TNCs bring wealth and foreign currency to local economies when they buy local resources, products and services.
  • Increases awareness of events in faraway parts of the world.
  • Globalisation may help to make people more aware of global issues such as deforestation and global warming.
• Transnational corporation: A company that operates in more than one country.
• CS: Christian Dior TNC:

  • Christian Dior is a manufacturer, distributer and retailer of luxury goods, launched in 1947.
  • Christion Dior headquarters in Paris, France.
  • Christian Dior is a member of TNCs top 100 companies with multiple factories and outlets worldwide.
  • There are 3 research centers located in France, China and Japan.
  • Dior controls all of its raw materials from their harvest to their arrival at the Saint-Jean-de-Braye cellar.
  • Christion Dior manufactures most of its items in Scandicci, Italy.
  • The main markets of Dior are located in Paris, New York, London, Beijing & Tokyo.